Flashcards
Learning and Cognition Conditioning
Cards in this deck (49)
- 1What is the compensatory response in drug use?After the drug has been administered, the body stimulates a series of processes to break the drug down and revert the body back to its homeostatic state
- 2How can the conditioned compensatory response lead to accidental overdoses?Once the drug (and hence, the c. response) is repeatedly paired with certain environmental factors, the c. response is conditioned, meaning more of the drug can then be broken down. However, if that same dosage is taken in an unfamiliar environment, the absence of familiar conditions to stimulate the cc response means less of the drug can be broken down, leading to overdose
- 3How does the preparatory response theory relate to drug use in humans?The unconditioned stimulus is the drug and the unconditioned response is the euphoria. The neutral is the presence/ sight of the drug. Over time, however, the mere presence of the drug however prepares the body for the euphoria, leading to shaking, withdrawal symptoms and cravings
- 4Which type of conditioning explains goal-directed behavior?Operant conditioning
- 5Who first demonstrated operant conditioning with rats?Edward Thorndike
- 6What experiment did Edward Thorndike perform to demonstrate operant conditioning?He had a cat in a box who had to press a lever to get a food reward. The animal kept producing random behaviors until solution discovered.
- 7What learning curve did Thorndike discover?As the number of trials increased, the time taken to learn decreased
- 8What is the law of effect in operant conditioning?Whatever response is followed by a satisfactory state of affairs will be repeated and vice versa
- 9What is operant behaviorBehavior designed to get a desirable outcome or avoid an undesirable consequence from the environment
- 10ReinforcementA consequence that increases the likelihood of the behavior occurring again
- 11PunishmentAny consequence that decreases the chance of the behavior occurring again
- 12Who used a puzzle box and how?B.F. Skinner. Placed a rat inside a puzzle box. The animal had to solve the puzzle to get a food reward. Hunger acted as a motivation. Irrelevant behaviors were reduced.
- 13Shaping behaviorRewarding successive approximations closer and closer to a desired behavior in order to produce the latter exactly
- 14How is shaping achieved?Nearly everything is rewarded. Then rewards stop. Animal tries various behaviors to get reward again. A close approximation to desired behavior rewarded. Cycle through closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior until it is porduced.
- 15Distinguish between positive and negative reinforcementPositive- reward
Negative- take away aversive - 16Distinguish between positive and negative punishmentPositive- pain/ aversive sitmulus introduced
Negative- Take away something pleasurable - 17What are the two types of reinforcement schedules?Continuous and Partial or intermittent
- 18Name an advantage and a disadvantage of continuous reinforcementQuick learning, but does not occur naturally
- 19What are the four types of intermittent reinforcement schedules?Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval - 20What is extinction in operant conditioning?When reinforcement is repeatedly withheld, there is a decrease in operant behavior
- 21Which operant responses are harder to extinguish than which?Partially reinforced responses harder than continuously reinforced ones
- 22How does extinction happen in operant conditioning?Not immediately. Brief extinction burst followed by decrease in behavior. More variable behavior increased
- 23Why is punishment good and why is it bad?Good- ideal for quickly stopping violent behaviors
Bad- does not learn anything new to replace previous behavior with, may have negative feelings towards punisher, may pass on to others, may start again as soon as punishment is removed - 24What two factors affect how effective operant conditioning is?How contingent and continuous the relationship between the stimulus and the response is
- 25What did Seligman find out about abuse/ depression and how?learned helplessness in dogs who had been subjected previously to repeated and unavoidable shocks. Theorized that similar thing happened to people raised in abusive households who were punished without cause, and that this phenomenon also accounted for passivity in depression
- 26Who first believed that there was a deeper cognitive aspect to learning in animals?Edward Tolman
- 27How did Edward Tolman demonstrate his ideas about cognitive learning and cognitive maps?Rats- from linear maze to sunburst
Rats- reward on eleventh day of exploring maze - 28What is a cognitive map?An inner spatial representation of the physical characteristics of one's surroundings.
- 29Latent learninglearning that can happen without reinforcement and is only demonstrated in the presence of motivation in the form of reinforcement
- 30What is social cognitive learning?learning that animals undertake not through direct rewards or punishments but through vicariously observing the bahavior of models
- 31Who is most associated with social cognitive learning and how did he demonstrate it?Albert Bandura, the five year olds with the Bobo doll
- 32What are the two explanations for cognition?A process that human beings carry out, the result of the processes that are carried out.
- 33What are the three types of mental representations that we have?Sensorimotor- position of body in space
Mental images
Abstract representations - 34What are the three main steps in Neisser's perceptual cycle?Action, feedback, mental representation
- 35What is the difference between behaviorism and cognitivism?Behaviorism is the study of how environmental stimuli give rise to explicit behavioral repsonses. Cognitivism is more about the representations we form in our minds
- 36LearningWhen experience results in a relatively permanent change in either behavior or potential behavior
- 37What is the advantage of classical conditioning?Evolutionary or predictive
- 38What kinds of associations are learnt in classical conditioning?Those between certain stimuli and rewards, leading to a response to the stimuli itself in the absence of the reward
- 39What did Pavlov find out?That dogs would start drooling at the sight of food and at a bell that was repeatedly rung before the food appeared
- 40What are the five principles of classical conditioning?Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Rapid re-acquisition
Spontaneous recovery
Extinction - 41In CC, extinction is really more of an ..........Inhibition
- 42What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?If the animal is left for several hours after extinction and the cs displayed, the cr will occur
- 43Watson believed in ............ over ............nature
nurture - 44Stimulus substitution theory stated that classical conditioning was.....A low level process in which the response to one stimulus was transferred to another.
- 45Preparatory response theorySuggested that classical conditioning was a mental representation of the world, with one stimulus preparing the organism for the effects of the next
- 46Phobias are a form of ........ preparednessBiological preparedness
- 47How can desensitization therapy be used to cure a phobia?By repeatedly pairing the aversive stimulus with some pleasant stimulus
- 48What three things about learned taste aversion differ from normal classical conditioning?One exposure enough
Time span can be hours
Is species specific - 49—
Information
- Description
- Flashcards on Learning and Cognition Conditioning , created by Pavani A on 29/05/2019.
- Created by
- Pavani A
- Views
- 1
- Rating