19147789
Description
Flashcards by Maddie Wright, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Maddie Wright
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Pathogen | A microorganism that causes disease in larger organisms. Many organisms' immune systems can fight them off though. |
| Direct transmission | Passing a pathogen from (infected) host to new (uninfected) host with no intermediary - i.e. contact with skin/bodily fluids. |
| Indirect transmission | Passing a pathogen from one (infected) host to new (unifected) host. via vector -(via air/water/fomites) |
| Transmission | Biological word to describe the passing/"movement" of a pathogen from an infected individual to an uninfected individual. Can be either direct transmission or indirect transmission. |
| Vector | An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another. |
| Callose | A large polysaccharide deposit that blocks old phloem sieve tubes |
| Inflammation | Swelling and redness of tissue caused by infection |
| Mucous membrane | Specialised epithelial tissue that is covered by mucus. |
| Primary defences | Those that prevent pathogens entering the body |
| Antigen-presenting cell | A cell that isolates the antigen from a pathogen and places it on the plasma membrane so that it can be recognised by other cells in the immune system. |
| Clonal selection | Selection of specific B or T cell that is specific to the antigen |
| Cytokines | Hormone-like molecules used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response |
| Neutrophil | A type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign matter and traps it in a large vacuole which fuses with lysosomes to digest the foreign matter |
| Opsonins | Proteins that bind to the antigen on a pathogen and then allow phagocytes to bind |
| Antibodies | Specific proteins released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens |
| B memory cells | Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long-term immunity |
| Clonal expansion | An increase in the number of cells by mitotic cell division |
| Plasma cells | Derived from the B lymphocytes, these are cells that manufacture antibodies |
| T helper cells | Cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response |
| T killer cells | Cells that attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected by a pathogen |
| T memory cells | Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long term immunity |
| T regulatory cells | Cells that are involved with inhibiting the immune response |
| Agglutinins | Antibodies that cause pathogens to stick together |
| Anti-toxins | Antibodies that render toxins harmless |
| Primary immune response | The initial response caused by first infection |
| Secondary immune response | A more rapid response caused by a second or subsequent infection by the same pathogen. |
| Active immunity | Where the immune system is activated and manufactures its own antibodies |
| Artificial immunity | Immunity that is achieved as a result of medical intervention |
| Natural immunity | Immunity achieved through normal life processes |
| Passive immunity | Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection |
| Vaccination | A way of stimulating an immune response so that immunity is achieved. |
| Biodiversity | A measure of the variation found in the living world |
| Habitat | Where an organism lives |
| Species | A group of organisms that can free;y interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Species evenness | A measure of how evenly represented the species are |
| Species richness | A measure of how many different species are present |
| Keystone species | One that has a disproportionate effect upon its environment relative to its abundance |
| Soil depletion | The loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals by continuous cropping |
| Conservation in situ | Carrying out active management to maintain the biodiversity in the natural environment |
| Conservation ex situ | Conservation outside the normal habitat of the species |
| Phylogeny | The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms |
| Natural selection | The term used to explain how features of the environment apply a selective force on the reproductions of individuals in a population |
| Continuous variation | Variation where there are 2 extremes and a full range of values in between |
| Discontinuous variation | Where there are distinct categories and nothing in between |
| ENvironmental variation | Variation caused by response to environmental factors such as light intensity |
| Genetic variation | Variation caused by possessing different allele combos |
| Interspecific variation | Difference between dif species |
| Intraspecific variation | Variation between members of the same species |
| Anatomical adaptations | Structural features |
| Behavioural adaptations | The ways that behaviour is modified for survival |
| Physiological adaptations | Affect the way that processes work |
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