19990425
Description
Flashcards by Lila de Wet, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lila de Wet
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Anatomy of a Microscope | Ocular lens Body tube Nose piece Arm Objective lens Clips Stage Condenser unit & iris diaphragm Fine focus screw Coarse focus screw Light source/mirror Metal base |
| Calculating Magnification | Total magnification = ocular x objective Actual specimen size = size of image ÷ total magnification |
| Plant cell parts | - Intercellular space - Chloroplast - Cell wall - Rough ER - Ribosomes - Cytoplasm - Vacuole - Smooth ER - Plasmalemma (membrane) - Mitochondrion - Dictyosome (collects/transports proteins) - Nucleus - Nuclear membrane - Nucleolus - Chromatin Network - Nucleoplasm - Nucleopore |
| Animal cell parts | - Golgi body (formed by Dictyosomes) - Smooth ER - Chromatin Network - Centriole (cell division) - Nucleopore - Nucleolus - Nuclear membrane - Plasmalemma - Nucleoplasm - Cytoplasm - Mitochondrion - Nucleus - Vacuole - Rough ER - Ribosomes |
| Cells Structure (all cells) | - Cell membrane* thin boundary layer, enclosing cytoplasm - Cytoplasm* thick, jelly-like liquid holding particles/structures - Nucleus control centre, with Chromatin Network - Organelles single unit structures with metabolic functions *together form PROTOPLASM |
| Cell Wall | - PRIMARY CELLULOSE CELL WALL permeable provides shape - SECONDARY LIGNIN CELL WALL permeable to gases & water strength & protection - MIDDLE LAMELLA made of pectin (joins cells together) - PITS pores: communication & transport - PLASMODESMATA threads of cytoplasm that run through pits & join cytoplasm to other cells (communication & transport) |
| Structure & Function of Cell Membrane | - Cell membrane: forms organelles - Phospholipid bilayer: surrounds & protects cytoplasm - Carrier proteins: control substance movement - Channel transport proteins: control substance movement - Organelles: allow specific metabolic reactions to occur together - Carbohydrates: cell recognition - Modified parts: relative functions |
| Cell Membrane FLUID MOSAIC MODEL | - Selective permeablity - Has a complex structure with different functions |
| Special Structures of Cell Membrane | - Microvilli: Incr. surface area for absorption - Pinocytic Vesicles: produced in pinocytosis to take up LIQUIDS - Phagocytic Vesicles: produced in phagocytosis to take up PARTICLES using PSEUDOPODIA |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | - Carbohydrates - Phospholipid bilayer: hydrophobic lipid tail hydrophyllic phosphate head - Cholesterol - Proteins: Carrier Channel Peripheral Integral |
| Processes of Movement through Cell Membrane | Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated transport Active transport |
| Simple Diffusion | - Passive process (membrane need not be alive) - Non-selective (move along concentration gradient) - E.G. O₂, CO₂, water |
| Osmosis (Facilitated Diffusion) | - Living membrane - Selective permeability & CHANNEL proteins - Passive process - Moves along concentration gradient (with channel protein) - ONLY water |
| Facilitated Transport | - Living membrane - Selective permeability & CARRIER proteins - Passive process - Moves along concentration gradient (with carrier protein) - E.G. glucose |
| Active Transport | - Living membrane - Selective permeability & CARRIER proteins - Active process (cellular respiration provides ATP energy) - Move against concentration gradient - E.G. Na & K ions |
| Processes for Taking up Nutrients & Removing Waste | - Endocytosis (taking in nutrients/food) - Exocytosis (removing particles/metabolic waste) |
| Nucleus | - "Brain" with info to make PROTEINS & ENZYMES |
| Structure of Nucleus | - Double nuclear membrane: encloses & protects chromatin network - Nucleopores: controls movement - Nucleoplasm: fluid making up body of nucleus - Chromatin Network: strands of DNA - Nucleolus: dense mixture of DNA, RNA & proteins |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | - An organelle in the cytoplasm - Connects cell membrane and nuclear membrane |
| Cytoplasm | - A fluid body - CONTAINS the organelles - Medium of movement between cells |
| Ribosome (organelle) | - Attached to ER - Spread throughout cytoplasm - Site of protein synthesis |
| Vacuole (organelle) | - Plant = 1 Lrg Animal = Many Sml - Selective permeability of TONOPLAST (membrane) - Tonoplast provides turgidity & controls movement of substances |
| Functions of Vacuole (organelle) | - Phagocytosis: takes up food - Pinocytosis: takes up fluids - Lysosome (peroxisome): contains peroxidase - Contractile vacuole: controls water content |
| Mitochondrion Structure (organelle) | - Double membrane: smooth outer folded inner - Crista: site of ATP synthesis - Matrix: fluid with compounds for cellular respiration |
| Golgi Body (animal)/ Dictyosomes (plant) | - Linked to ER - Sort & store cellular secretions - E.G. Enzymes |
| Plastids (in plants only) | - Leucoplasts: store substances in mature plants, with little sun exposure - Chromoplasts: RED & YELLOW pigments - Chloroplasts: GREEN coloured cells in plants & algae |
| Chloroplast: Structure | - Double membrane - Stroma - Granum - Inter-granum lamella - Thylakoid - Chlorophyll |
| Chloroplast: Functions | Main function is PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Double membrane: smooth, for easy movement - Stroma: inner fluid of compound, enzymes & starch - Granum: stacked thylakoids for incr. surface area - Inter-granum lamella: membranous bridges connecting grana - Thylakoid: membrane structures with cholorophyll - Chlorophyll: green light-sensitive pigment needed for photosynthesis |
| Centrioles | - "Anchors" to separate chromosomes during division - All living animals have a centrosome - 2 centrioles = 1 centrosome |
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