Flashcards
AP Euro Chapter 6
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1ScholasticismCombination of Christian theology and traditional scientific belief, which the medieval world was based upon.
- 2AlchemyStudying compounds of the four elements (air, water, fire, earth) and their proportions. Lead -> Gold
- 3Inductive Reasoning (Empiricism)Francis Bacon's reasoning system: instead of relying on tradition, scientists should collect data from observing nature. It's derived from experience and experiments.
SENSE - 4Deductive Thought (Rationalism)Renee Descartes thinking system: it uses reasoning to go from general to specific. It's derived from reason and logic.
REASON - 5Tabula RasaJohn Locke coined this word. It's the blank slate minds that babies come into the world with.
- 6Thomas AquinasHe was the primary figure in scholasticism. He combined Aristotle's work with the Church's belief. Religion was the supreme in learning.
- 7PtolemyGreek astronomer who thought Earth was a stationary object in the center of the universe.
- 8Nicholas CopernicusHe suggested that Earth and other planets revolve around the sun in circular orbits.
- 9Tycho BraheHe developed the best astronomical tables of the age to support his theory. His theory was that the Sun and Moon revolves around Earth, and the other planets revolves around the Sun.
- 10Johannes KeplerStudent of Brahe, who used his data to support the Copernican theory. He proposed that instead of circle orbits, the planets revolve the sun in elliptical orbits.
- 11Galileo GalileiGalileo built on the work of Copernicus. He made new discoveries with his telescope, found that Earth is always in motion, and he questioned the medieval scientific beliefs. The Church placed him under house arrest for publish his work which angered it.
- 12Isaac NewtonGreatest figure of the Scientific Revolution. He discovered gravity and explained how it affects everything in the universe in his book Principia. He messed with light and made it a new scientific endeavor, and he also created Calculus. He was eventually made the head of the British Royal Society.
- 13Francis BaconHe created inductive thinking (collect data from senses instead of traditions), which contributed to the idea of experimental
methodology. Three major works: The Advancement of Learning, Novum Organum, and New Atlantis. His new way of thinking cause the Battle of the Books. - 14Renee DescartesAn anti-Bacon. Created deductive reasoning (data is achieved through logic and reasoning), and doubted all medieval scientific belief. Wrote in French, instead of Latin. Wrote Discourse on Method, which reduce everything into mind and matter. Mind is spirt and religion, while matter was infinite particles that work as a mechanism.
- 15William HarveyUsed dissections to show the heart's role in blood circulation.
- 16Thomas HobbesDelve into political science. The English Revolution convinced him of humans' depravity. He wrote Leviathan, which explains that life is brutal and ugly without a government. Led him to propose absolutism: man form states to prevent destruction, ruler has complete power, ruler can kill to stop subject rebellions.
- 17John LockeAlso delve into political science. Wrote Two Treatises on Government, which was the basis for English Bill of Rights and founders of USA. Key points: Man is born free, but govt. organizes society. Man forms social contract with govt. Man doesn't give up his rights and can rebel if rights are challenged.
- 18The discovery of the New World's effect on scienceFound new plants and animals which generated greater interest in natural sciences. Advancements in navigation and astronomy led to greater interest in studying the stars.
- 19The printing press's effect on scienceScientific work and discoveries were spread quicker. It kept people informed about the scientific studies and findings.
- 20Nation-state rivalry's effect on scienceWars between countries pushed developments in technological and applied science. Many monarchs and rulers funded for those advancements.
- 21The Reformation's effect on sciencePeople were encouraged to read the Bible, causing a larger pool of literate individuals. Luther and Calvin were two prominent figures that challenged the Church. Catholic Italy was the source of many scientific developments.
- 22Humanism's effect on scienceInterest in classical text led to rediscovering Ancient scientific works, like Archimedes' math and Galen's anatomy. Many ideas were rejected but it helped mature scientific thought.
- 23Aristotle's four elementsWhat medieval people thought the world was made up of: earth, water, fire, and air.
- 24The humoursWhat they thought the human body is made up of: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. Too much of any was thought to produce personal characteristics.
- 25Geocentric/Ptolemaic systemPtolemy's astronomical system, in which the Earth is the center of the universe with everything else revolving around it.
- 26Heliocentric/Copernican systemCopernican's astronomical system. In this system, the sun is the center with the planets revolving around it in orbits.
- 27What Galileo discovered with his telescopeHis own telescope allowed him to see the Moon's terrain, distance of the stars from the planets, Jupiter's four moons, and sunspots and rings of Saturn.
- 28Galileo's conflict with the ChurchWhen he published his findings in his book, Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems of the World, it angered the Church and the Jesuits. He was tried by the Roman Inquisition and was forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.
- 29Battle of the BooksBacon's new way of thinking caused conflict between the modern and medieval ways of learning. It was called the Battle of the Books in the England.