Flashcards
AP Euro Chapter 7
Cards in this deck (27)
- 1PhilosophesUsed to describe Enlightenment thinkers. It’s not a formal group.
- 2SalonsSalons were informal discussion groups organized by rich women. Many Philosophes spread their ideas at salons.
- 3DeistsDeists believed that God made the world and then stepped back to allow it to operate under the law of science.
- 4JurisprudenceA Legal System.
- 5Laissez-faire"Leave alone", individuals should be free to pursue economic gain without interference from the state.
- 6Immanuel KantCalled Enlightenment as "daring to know". He hoped that the Enlightenment would lead to religious and political freedom and help people realize how cruel slavery is. He wrote the Critique of Pure Reason: how there are things out there that can't be understood with reason, but could be with emotion
- 7John LockeA very influential philosopher. His ideas included tabula rasa (blank slate), people's natural rights, and government's duty to protect those rights.
- 8Voltaireis considered the greatest philosophes. He was impressed by Britain's religious tolerance, freedom of expression, and scientific honors, things that he saw as nonexistence in France. He wrote Treatise on Toleration and Candide.
- 9Charles Louis de MontesquieuWrote The Spirit of the Laws. He was a conservative so he didn't want a republic, but rather an aristocratic authority to limit the power of absolute monarchy.
- 10Denis DiderotHe was the brainchild behind the Encyclopedia. It was a collaboration between him and other philosophes.
- 11Jean-Jacques RousseauRousseau was unlike other philosophes. He championed emotion over reason and argued for direct democracy. His works gained fame after his death. His greatest work was The Social Contract.
- 12Cesare BeccariaHe called for a total change of the legal system in On Crimes and Punishment. He believed that the accused should be allowed basic rights and that torture and capital punishment is wrong. His work was part of the humanitarianism seen in the Enlightenment..
- 13David HumeScottish philosopher who was an atheist. He wrote Inquiry into Human Nature.
- 14Edward GibbonHe wrote the Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire. He criticized Christianity for contributing to the fall of the Roman Empire. - 15Adam SmithWrote the Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. His work made a huge impact on economic thought.
- 16Marquise de PompadourShe helped the publication of the Encyclopedia. She helped Diderot avoid censorship.
- 17Mary WollstonecraftEnglishwoman who wrote the Vindication of Rights of Women. She called for women's right to vote and hold offices.
- 18The Republic of LettersFrench writers started it, which was an international community of writers communicating in French. It began in France, to western Europe, and eventually the Americas.
- 19The case of Jean CalasThe case was about a Protestant father being accused of murdering his son for converting to Catholicism. He was wrongly tortured to death. Voltaire wrote the Treatise on Toleration a year later, which proved the innocence of Jean Calas. Voltaire uses it as the central argument for religious tolerance.
- 20CandideVoltaire wrote the Candide off of the Lisbon earthquake. The pessimistic story shows the protagonist meeting disaster after disaster. The central point was that man cannot find happiness with a specific philosophical system.
- 21Spirit of the LawsIt was based on a misinterpreted version of Britain. Montesquieu saw England as having a separation of power, allowing check and balances within the country..
- 22EncyclopediaA collaboration between Diderot and the Republic of Letters. It had 28 volumes and helped spread Enlightenment ideas beyond France. It was censored in many parts of Europe for it's content that attacked the Catholics and the French absolutism.
- 23The Social ContractIt was Rousseau's greatest work. He had little faith in reason for a satisfactory life. He called for a complete reformation of communities, placing general will over individual interests.
- 24Inquiry into Human NatureIn it, Hume argued that there's no empirical evidence for the biblical events of Christianity.
- 25Inquiry into the Nature and Cases of the Wealth of NationsIn it, Adam Smith argued against mercantilism. He believed that the economic system should be self-regulating, allowing individuals to pursue their own economic gains. It should be done so without government interference (laissez-faire).
- 26The Invisible HandIt referred to the indirect or unintended benefits for society that result from the operations of a free market economy, leading to supply and depend.
- 27The roles of women in the EnlightenmentMost Parisian salons were organized by women. Wealthy women helped philosophes avoid trouble with the authorities. Despite this, many philosophes were not for women rights. The Encyclopedia barely mentions the women's condition. Rousseau thought that women were not in the same "sphere" as men.
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- Eva Fong · Nov 2019
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- Nov 20, 2019
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