Flashcards
PSYC1002 - Mental Abilities
Cards in this deck (26)
- 1What were the 3 assumptions made by Binet in his development of intelligence tests?1) Mental competence increases with age (true up to about 16 years)
2) relative standings are constant
3) Competencies important for society are measurable - 2How did Binet attempt to devise an objective intelligence test?Asked teachers what typical students could do
Used 30 different scales (e.g.: perception, knowledge, comparing weights, memory, copying, language)
Mental age = performance of average child of that chronological age - 3How did William Stern (1912) define the term 'intelligence quotient'?IQ = mental age / chronological age x100
- 4According to the findings of Whalley & Deary (2001), why might IQ relate to lifespan?Health was revealed by state of young brain
High IQ people made healthier decisions
Socio-economic status influences both IQ and health - 5What is included on the Stanford-Binet test?-Verbal reasoning
-Quantitative reasoning
-Abstract/Visual reasoning
-Short-term memory - 6Who introduced mass intelligence testing and why? What did this become the basis of?Lewis Terman. He wanted to evaluate the difference in what he saw as natural endowment (unlike Binet)
Became the basis of US Army test for soldiers in WWI - 7How are IQ tests normed and standardised?Normed by giving it to an appropriate sample to establish its characteristics (e.g. mean, Standard deviation, distribution)
Normed to fit a normal distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 - 8What were Raven's Progressive Matrices developed for? What are the 3 instruments used?Explicitly developed to measure a single factor of general intelligence (g-factor)
3 Instruments:
-Coloured Progressive Matrices (5-11 year old)
-Standard Progressive Matrices (6-adult)
-Advanced Progressive Matrices (superior intellect) - 9How did Wechsler define intelligence?"intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment."
- 10Why did Wechsler use the terms 'Global' and 'Aggregate' to define intelligence?Global: because it characterises an individual's behaviour as a whole?
Aggregate: because it is composed of elements or abilities that are qualitatively differentiable - 11What four scales does a WAIS asses?1) Verbal comprehension
2) Perception organisation
3) Working memory
4) Processing speed - 12In the WAIS, what subtasks are assessed in the 'Verbal Comprehension' scale?-Vocabulary
-Similarities
-Information
-Comprehension - 13Picture completion, block design, matrix reasoning, picture arrangements are subtasks of which WAIS scale?Perception organisation
- 14In the WAIS, what subtasks are involved in Working memory?-Arithmetic
-Digit Span-Forward
-Letter-Number sequencing - 15Digit symbol-coding, symbol search and object assembly are subtasks in which WAIS scale?Processing speed
- 16In the psychometric approach to intelligence models, what makes a good test?The test must be:
-consistent results (reliability)
-must actually assess what is being tested meaningfully (validity)
-low error (error = noise) - 17How is reliability assessed?If a test is measuring a consistent trait of a person then it should consistently produce the same answer
- 18The correlation between scores on the same test taken at different times is known as:Test-retest
- 19What is split-half reliability?The correlation between test items from two halves of a test (assuming halves are equivalent)
- 20Why would including more items on a test achieve greater reliability?Because they would neutralise the significance of random error
- 21What happens if a test has high reliability but low validity?The test measures SOMETHING, but not what we expect.
Good test of SOMETHING, but we don't know what that SOMETHING is. - 22Can a test with low reliability have high validity?No. Validity cannot be higher than reliability
(A test cannot correlate more highly with something else than it can with itself) - 23What are the two factors that influence test scores as proposed by Classical Test Theory (CTT)?1) Factors contributing to consistency: the stable attributes that are being measured
2) Factors contributing to inconsistency: the characteristics of the test, testing situation, or individual that affect the test score (error factors) - 24What is the CTT formula?
- 25What factors might cause a task to be inadvertently and consistently assessing an attribute OTHER than the one of interest?Confounds - test might be disproportionately affected by language abilities
Uncontrolled factors - testing conditions
Bias - attitudes of the examiners
Sampling errors - 26What are Sternberg's Three facets of intelligence?Practical Intelligence
Analytical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence