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H&N1: Section 4+5+6

Krishna Patel Nervous and Locomotor MBBS English 88 cards

Cards in this deck (88)

  1. 1What is the central nervous system enclosed in?3 connective tissue membranes or meninges
  2. 2What are the names of the 3 connective tissue membranes?an outer dura mater
    a middle arachnoid mater
    an inner pia mater
  3. 3How are the meninges separated from each other?They are separated by 2 spaces, the subdural and subarachnoid spaces
  4. 4Dura mater in the skullWithin the skull the dura mater has 2 layers: an endosteal layer (the periosteum) and an inner meningeal layer
    In most parts within the cranial cavity the layers are fused, but in some areas they separate and form sinuses which drain the venous blood from the brain
  5. 5Is the endosteal layer continuous with the spinal cord duraNo
  6. 6Is the meningeal layer continuous with the spinal cord duraYes- it forms a tubular sheath extending from the foramen magnum to the sacrum
  7. 7The meningeal layer of the dura mater extends betweenthe hemispheres of the brain
  8. 8What is the falx cerebriIt is a sickle shaped fold of the dura in the mid sagittal plane between the cerebral hemispheres
  9. 9What is the tentorium cerebelli?It covers the cerebellum in the posterior cranial fossa, and supports the occipital lobes if the cerebral hemispheres in its upper surface
    It is continuous in the midline with the falx cerebri
  10. 10What is the falx cerebelliIt is a small vertical fold of dura between the 2 cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cranial fossa
    It is attached below to the occipital bone and above to the under surface of the tentorium cerebelli
  11. 11Arterial supply of the dura and the skullThe meningeal arteries of which the middle meningeal, a branch of a maxillary (a branch of external carotid) artery, is most important clinically
  12. 12How does the middle meningeal artery enter the skullForamen spinosum
  13. 13Where does the middle meningeal artery lie?It lies in the endosteal layer of dura mater
    The artery produces a groove on the inner surface of the skull which illustrate its course
  14. 14Fractures which involve the side of the skullThe anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery is particularly vulnerable to damage in fractures which involve the side of the skull, particularly at the pterion . These fractures cause extradural haemorrhage
  15. 15Where is the arachnoid mater located?Between the dura mater and pia mater
  16. 16Does the arachnoid mater enter the sulci or fissures?No- it covers the brain but does not enter the sulci or fissures
  17. 17How is the arachnoid mater separated from the pia materby the subarachnoid space which contains the cerebrospinal fluid and the cerebral vessels supplying the brain
  18. 18What must pass through the subarachnoid space?Cranial nerves passing from the brain
  19. 19What are arachnoid granulations?The arachnoid mater protrudes into some of the intracranial venous sinuses and forms arachnoid granulations
  20. 20What is the function of arachnoid granulations?it provides a route by which the cerebrospinal fluid is returned to the blood
  21. 21Where are the arachnoid granulations particularly prominent?The arachnoid granulations are the projections of arachnoid which are particularly prominent in the superior sagittal sinus (a large venous sinus)
  22. 22What is the pia mater?It is the vascular membrane which closely invests the brain and accompanies the branches of the cerebral arteries as they enter the substance of the brain
  23. 23Infection of the meninges may cause...Meningitis may affect the brain, the cranial nerves and the eyeball
  24. 24What produces cerebrospinal fluid?The choroid plexus
  25. 25What does the CSF fill?It fills the ventricles within the brain and flows into the subarachnoid space around the brain
  26. 26Where does the CSF drain?CSF passes over the surfaces of the brain and drains into the venous sinuses
  27. 27What are cisterns?Sites where the subarachnoid space is enlarged
  28. 28Why are cisterns important clinically?They are important clinically in the management of subarachnoid haemorrhage since a small amount of blood can accumulate here without raising intracranial pressure
  29. 29What causes extradural haemorrhage?A relatively minor blow to the side of the head in the region of the pterion may damage the middle meningeal vessels
  30. 30What causes a subdural haemorrhage?Tearing of veins entering into the superior sagittal sinus
  31. 31What causes a subarachnoid haemorrhage?Rupture of an aneurysm on any of the vessels of the circle of Willis
  32. 32What is the function of the dural folds?They contribute to restricting movement of the brain inside the skull
  33. 33What does the dura mater ensheath?Dorsal root ganglion
    The dorsal root and the ventral root of the spinal nerves
  34. 34Dural SacIt descends into the sacral region and terminates as the filum terminale
  35. 35How far the the dura extend?It extends into the vertebral foramen and then blends with the epineurium of the spinal nerves
  36. 36What common condition results from compression of a spinal nerve?Pins and Needles
  37. 37Where does the subarachnoid space extend to?The subarachnoid space containing the cerebrospinal fluid extends to about S2
  38. 38Where does the spinal cord end?It terminates at the L1/L2 level
  39. 39Where is it safe to perform a lumbar puncture?Between L2-L4 without risk of damage to the spinal cord
  40. 40Why do a lumbar puncture?To obtain a specimen a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid
    To inject drugs
    To induce anaesthesia
  41. 41What does the pia mater invest?The spinal cord
  42. 42What is carried into the spinal cord?The pia mater, arachnoid and an extension of the subarachnoid space is carried into the spinal cord with the branches of the spinal arteries which lie on its surface
  43. 43What does the pia mater ensheath?The rootlets of the spinal nerves as they cross the subarachnoid space
  44. 44Arterial blood supply to the spinal cord?Derived from an Anterior spinal artery and 2 posterior spinal arteries, both derived from vertebral arteries
  45. 45Where does the blood supply to the head and neck arise fromIt arises from the arch of the aorta via the carotid and vertebral arteries
  46. 46What do the common carotid arteries pass lateral to?Trachea and Oesophagus
    They then branch into the internal and external carotid arteries
  47. 47Does the external carotid artery brach before entering the skull?It gives off extensive branches to the structures of the face, neck and scalp
  48. 48Does the internal carotid artery brach before entering the skull?They continue directly to the skull without giving off branches in the neck
  49. 49Where do vertebral arteries arise from?The subclavian arteries
  50. 50How do the vertebral arteries ascend to the skull?They ascend to the skull by transversing the intervertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae
  51. 51What arteries contribute to blood to the Circle of Willis?Internal Carotid and Vertebral arteries
  52. 52Where is the circle of Willis found?At the base of the brain in the subarachnoid space
  53. 53Vertebral artery (1)On each side a vertebral artery arises from the subclavian artery and tuns vertically in the neck to vertebra C6 where it enters the transverse foramen
  54. 54Vertebral artery (2)It continues upwards passing through each of the foramina C6-C1.
    It then passes medially in the groove behind the articular mass of the atlas, pierces the dura and enters the foramen magnum on the anterior surface of the medulla
  55. 55Vertebral artery (3)Both vertebral arteries eventually join in the midline to form the basilar artery
    This gives branches to the brainstem
  56. 56What does the vertebral artery terminate as?It terminates as the posterior cerebral artery and posterior communicating arteries, parts of the circle of Willis
  57. 57Branches of the external carotid arteryAscending Pharyngeal artery (anterior branch)
    Superior thyroid artery (anterior branch)
    Lingual artery (anterior branch)
    Facial artery (anterior branch)
    Occipital artery (posterior branch)
    Posterior Auricular artery (posterior branch)
    Maxillary artery (terminal branch)
    Superficial temporal artery (terminal branch)
  58. 58How does the internal carotid artery enter the skullVia the carotid canal
  59. 59What happens to the internal carotid artery after entering the carotid canal?It turns anteriorly and passes through the cavernous sinus
  60. 60What does the internal carotid artery terminate as in the brain?The anterior and middle cerebral arteries, part of the Circle of Willis
  61. 61Where does blood from the brain drain?Blood from the brain and the skull drains into a system of venous channels lying between 2 layers of dura mater
  62. 62Venous SinusesThey lie between the 2 layers of dura mater
    They are lined by endothelium, have no valves and no smooth muscle in their walls
  63. 63Where does blood drain after the venous sinuses?Most venous blood passes through the venous sinus to enter the internal jugular vein, but small emissary veins can divert some blood to branches of external jugular vein
  64. 64Where does the superior sagittal sinus lie?Between the 2 layers of the falx cerbri deep to the skull cap
    It begins at the crista galli and runs back to the confluence of the sinuses (the joining of the sinuses) at the junctions of the attached margins of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
  65. 65What is the function of the superior sagittal sinus?Drains blood from the brain, meninges and skull
  66. 66Where does the small inferior sagittal sinus lie?In the free margin of the falx cerebri
  67. 67How is the stright sinus formed?The inferior sagittal sinus meets the free margin of the tentorium cerebelli
    Here it is joined by the great cerebral vein emerging from the brain to form the straight sinus
  68. 68Where are the cavernous sinuses located?They are short, wide venous channels in the middle cranial fossa, on either side of the body of the sphenoid bone and the pituitary gland
  69. 69Structures passing though the cavernous sinus medially in the sinusInternal carotid artery
    Abducent nerve
  70. 70Structures passing through the cavernous sinus that tun forwards in the lateral wall of the sinusOculomotor Nerve
    Trochlear Nerve
    Ophthalmic and Maxillary branches of the Trigeminal Nerves
  71. 71Where are the communicating channels between the 2 cavernous channels found?In front of and behind the pituitary gland
  72. 72What vessels does the cavernous sinus receiveIt receives the ophthalmic veins anteriorly
  73. 73Where does the blood leave the cavernous sinus?Posteriorly it drains by the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses to the transverse sinus and internal jugular vein respectively
  74. 74What does the cavernous sinus communicate with?Inferiorly the cavernous sinus communicates with the pterygoid and pharyngeal venous plexuses
  75. 75What is the function of the pterygoid and pharyngeal venous plexuses?They provide connections between the veins of the face and the brain, important in the spread of infection
  76. 76Where does the large transverse sinus begin?At the confluence of sinuses
  77. 77What does the transverse sinus become continuous with?Sigmoid sinus (easy to spot because it is sigmoid shaped)
  78. 78What does the sigmoid sinus become continuous with?As the sigmoid sinus approaches the jugular foramen it is continuous with the internal jugular vein
  79. 79Emissary VeinsThey pass through cranial openings and connect venous sinuses and extracranial veins
  80. 80Why are emissary veins important?They are significant in the spread of infection
  81. 81What is the blood supply of the cervical part of the spinal cord? (1)Anteriorly
    A single anterior spinal artery originates within the cranial cavity as the union of 2 vessels that arise from the vertebral arteries
  82. 82What is the blood supply of the cervical part of the spinal cord? (2)Posteriorly
    2 posterior spinal arteries also originate in the cranial cavity. They are formed from branches of the vertebral artery and descend on the posterior surface of the cord
  83. 83At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate?T12- L3
  84. 84What spinal cord segments are located in the conus medullaris?All the sacral segments and the coccygeal segments form the conus medullaris
  85. 85The conus medullaris contains preganglionic neurons of which part of the autonomic nervous systemThe conus medullaris contains preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic nerves contained in S2-S4
  86. 86A tumour in, or damage to the conus medullaris will result in problems associated with what body organsBladder
    Rectum
    External Genitalia
    Reproductive Organs
  87. 87What is the cauda equina?It is a bundle of anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots (of lumbar, sacral and coccygeal origin) clustered together
  88. 88—

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MBBS Nervous and Locomotor (Anatomy H&N1) Flashcards on H&N1: Section 4+5+6, created by Krishna Patel on 30/11/2019.
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