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Description
Flashcards by Elena Oliva, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Elena Oliva
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How does one gather evidence? | I - Identify: question of interest G - Gather: form hypothesis T - Test Hypothesis: conduct research A - Analyze data: draw conclusions B - Build body of knowledge: formal statements building theory |
| What are Scientific Theories? | 1. Organized info 2. Testable 3. Prediction supported by research 4. Conform to law of parsimony (simple is better) |
| What are Non-Scientific Theories? | 1. Make no prediction 2. Are not Testable 3. Cannot be Falsifiable |
| Types of Methods | 1. Descriptive Research behaviour in natural settings 2. Correlational Studies relationship between variables 3. Experimental 'cause + effect' |
| Case Studies | In-depth analysis of individual, group or event Advantages: detailed, challenge validity of theories, source of new ideas for further research |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observation of behaviour in a natural setting Advantages: provides rich description of behaviour Disadvantage: observer presence = impact on behaviour |
| Survey Research | Questionnaires Advantages: findings portray population as a whole Disadvantage: does not permit clear conclusions & rely on self-reports |
| Correlational Research | Researcher measures one variable (x), another variable (y) & determines relation * No manipulation * |
| Correlation Coefficient | Ranges from -1.0 to +1.0; sign indicates direction & absolute value indicates strength Positive: variables = same direction Negative: variables = opposite direction |
| Strength of Correlation | Value of coefficient = strength of relationship Ex. correlation of -.80 reflects as powerful as +.80 |
| 3 Characteristics of Cause & Effect Relationships | 1. Manipulate one variable 2. Measures whether this variable produces change in another 3. Control for other factors that might influence results |
| Independent Variable | Manipulated by experimenter; something that can be "changed" Ex. noise level, or dose or drug |
| Dependent Variable | Measured by experimenter; "dependent on" what can be changed Ex. learning, # of symptoms |
| An industrial psychologist studies the # of cars produced on the assembly line during morning/evening shifts. What is the IV and DV? | IV: time of shift DV: # of cars |
| Experimental Group | Receives treatment |
| Control Group | Not exposed to treatment |
| Between-Subject Design | Different participants in each condition; groups must be equal for various traits |
| Within-Subject Design | Same participants in all conditions; individuals are equal |
| Counterbalancing | Def~ order of conditions is varied; No condition has an overall advantage compared to others |
| Interaction | When one IV impacts the DV differently depending on the conditions of another IV |
| Research Validity | How well an experimental procedure actually tests what it is designed to; Threats: confounding variables, expectancy effects & placebo effect |
| Confounding Variables | When there are 2 variables and cannot determine which impacted the DV |
| Experimenter Expectancy Effects | Unintentional ways experimenters influence participants to respond to the hypothesis |
| Double-blind procedure | Neither participant or research knows which experimental condition the person is in |
| Placebo Effect | A change in behaviour that is due to one's expectation, not because of an experimental manipulation |
| Quasi-Experimental Research | Attempt to produce a cause + effect explanation but fall short |
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