20746784
Description
Flashcards by Marissa Alvarez, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Marissa Alvarez
about 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Concepts to understand | Life is carbon-based Major organic compounds encountered in biochemistry Major functional groups Major linkage types in biopolymers Four major types of biomolecules |
| Biochemistry is the chemistry of life What are the properties of life in the context of biochemistry? • Incredible complexity and organization Information (genetical, structural) => __ entropy Biomolecules - organelles — cells — tissues — organs — organisms Homeostasis (body temperature, salts, voltage potentials, ...) Metabolism (anabolism, catabolism, pathways) Responsiveness to the environment Growth & Reproduction Adaptation, including genetically | low |
| The principles of biochemistry ar common to ___ living beings. | all |
| Biochemistry VS. Organic Chemistry -Very __ range of temperatures -Narrow range of pH -Atmospheric pressure -Water is the major ____ (versus a wide variety in organic chemistry) -Carbon-based (limited choices of elements & molecules) How does LIFE find solutions? ____ | narrow solvent ENZYMES (see lectures 8-10) |
| Life is ___ based Why C? • Four ___ bonds => diversity of 3D structures • Stable double, triple bonds • Forms/breaks bonds with _, _, & _ • Reversible oxidation/reduction C-based molecules active under the ____ conditions Alternatives to C? B : 3 electrons; not stable 5 electrons; N-N-N => explosives Si: Large radius => Si-Si is a weak bond P : Not stable | carbon covalent O, H, & N physiological |
| Other elements of life • Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur are major elements In addition to homo- (C-C), form heteronuclear bonds (C-O) These covalent bonds can break and form Several other elements are in small (trace) quantities Examples: Ca2+ Mg2+ Fe2+ & Fe3+ Water is an essential solvent and ___ -->50-95 % (by body weight) -->Unique properties: small size, chemical stability, low viscosity, polarity, melting & boiling points, ... | reactant |
| Basic Organic Compounds encountered in biochemistry | |
| Four classes of biological macromolecules WHat are the functions of each? l. Carbohydrates = ____ ll. Lipids = ____ Ill. Nucleic Acids = ____ IV. Proteins = ____ Most of the biological macromolecules, except for lipids, are ___ Polymers are formed from like monomers Depending on the polymer, different types of ___ bonds formed | I. Structure, energy II. Biological membranes, energy III. Information, energy IV. Structure, chemical reactions, signaling, energy polymers covalent |
| Functional groups (FG) -can be distinguished in all four types of biological macromolecules (same FG can be a part of a wide variety of "life" molecules) FG: a group of atoms that demonstrate characteristic reactions |
Image:
F Gs (binary/octet-stream)
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| Biomolecules (biopolymers) are held together by linkages | |
| Carbohydrates = Saccharides = ___ Example = Glucose FG's = hydroxy & carbonyl Glucose interconverts b/w alpha & beta forms and is in equilibrium in solution |
sugars
Image:
Carbs (binary/octet-stream)
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| Monosaccharides (single sugars) Glucose, Fructose, Galactose | |
| Disaccharides (2 sugars) Sucrose = table sugar Lactose Maltose | |
| Oligosaccharides -consist of a few (3-10) monosaccharides | |
| Polysaccharides -are long polymers | |
| What happens when you digest sugar? -Ether bond breaks with the addition of water (____ reaction). -Enzyme plays a key role. |
hydrolysis
Image:
Enzyme (binary/octet-stream)
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| Sugars/Carbohydrates - Function • Energy source — e.g. glucose • Structure — e.g. ___ • Part of another biomolecule: v/ Nucleotides contain a sugar moiety v/ Glycoproteins: ___ with covalently attached a carbohydrate Glycolipids: lipids with ____ covalently attached These complex molecules will be discussed later in detail | cellulose proteins carbohydrate |
| Protein is a polymer of ___ ___ • a-amino acids are the building blocks • Peptides is < __ amino acids • ____ is >50 amino acids • A protein is one or more polypeptides |
amino acids
50
Polypeptide
Image:
Aa (binary/octet-stream)
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| Amino Acids • a-amino acids are building blocks of proteins • In peptides, amino acids are covalently attached via ___ bonds There are 20 standard a-amino acids in proteins • Properties of amino acids and proteins are determined by the properties of the ___ ___ of the amino acids • Amino acids can be grouped depending on the chemical properties of their side chain: charge, polarity, acidity, interaction with water, ... • Polypeptides are folded to form a functional 3D structure. In water hydrophobic residues are buried ___. -->Membrane proteins - opposite | peptide side chains inside |
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Image:
Aa (binary/octet-stream)
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| Dehydration reaction forms the peptide (amide) bond | |
| Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) Nucleic acid is a polymer of ___ monomers Nucleotides are formed from three functional groups: 1. Phosphate group (P) 2. A 5-carbon sugar: (R) Ribose, (D) Deoxyribose 3. Nitrogenous base: (A) Adenine, (G) Guanine, (C) Cytosine, (T) Thymine, (U) Uracil | nucleotide |
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Image:
Atp (binary/octet-stream)
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| Nucleic Acid Synthesis NTPs (nucleoside triphosphates) are ___ building blocks dNTPS (deoxynucleoside triphophates) are ___ building blocks | RNA DNA |
| LIPIDS Lipid molecules contain relatively large ___ fragments ___ : do not dissolve in water but do dissolve in non-polar solvents Do NOT form ____ | hydrocarbon hydrophobic polymers |
| Simplest lipids are ___ ___ FAs consist of a terminal carboxyl group (___) and hydrocarbon tail or chain (___). | fatty acids polar nonpolar |
| Glycerophospholipid -Amphiphilic -Form bilayers | |
| Triglyceride (triacylglycerol, TAG, TG) is an ester-linked glycerol & 3 FAs -FAt found in the ___ -Excessive calories are saved as __ ___ in the form of triglyceride -Skin oil -High levels in the blood may cause stroke, heart diseases, pancreatits, ... |
blood
body fat
Image:
T Gs (binary/octet-stream)
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| Waxes | |
| Steroids |
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