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Flashcards

Neurology - Cranial nerve

Y Jane English 54 cards

Cards in this deck (54)

  1. 1Name the 12 pair of cranial nerves.Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigerminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accesory and hypoglossal nerve.
  2. 2Where are the nucleus of cranial nerves located?Brainstem [are considered part of the CNS]
  3. 3Except which 2 nerves that have no peripheral component, the axons and receptors of other CN exit the skull that belongs to the PNS?Olfactory and optic nerve.
  4. 4What are the functions of cranial nerves?Carry sensory, motor and autonomic information to and from the receptors of the head, face and neck.
  5. 5Which CN carry autonomic function to other body parts?Vagus nerve [provide parasympathetic regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing and digestion]
  6. 6Most CN carry ___lateral sign and symptom.ipsi
  7. 7All CN can bee seen from inferior brain except _______, which emerge from ______ midbrain.CN IV[trochlear nerve]; posterior.
  8. 8What is the function of CN I?Sensory: conducting information from nasal chemoreceptors to the olfactory bulb -> olfactory tract -> medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum.
  9. 9What are the lesion symptoms of CN I?Unilateral symptom: no symptom
    Bilateral symptom: loss of sense of smell.
    ANOSMIA usually occur after head injury.
  10. 10How to test CN I?Occlude vision, test one olfactory nerve at a time by blocking the other nostril.
  11. 11What is the function of CN II?Sensory: transmitting information from the retina -> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> optic tract -> LGN -> optic nuclei in the midbrain -> occipital lobe
    For visual acuity [the accuracy of sight, not the interpretation of visual image; visual message related to: pupillary reflexes, awareness of light and dark, orientation of head and eye movement.
  12. 12What is the function of CN III, IV and VI?Control 6 extraocular muscles fir eye movement. Coordination of 2 eyes: maintained via synergistic action of eye muscles.
    Parasympathetic fibers of CN III: reflexive constriction of the pupil and the muscle controlling the lens of the eye i.e.pupillary, consensual and accommodation reflex.
  13. 13Which muscle did CN IV and VI innervate?Superior oblique, lateral rectus
  14. 14Which nerve innervates teh levator palpebrae superioris, pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle?Oculomotor nerve.
  15. 15What are the action of superior oblique?Eye down when adducted, eye rotates when abducted.
  16. 16What are the symptoms of CN III damage?Lateral strbismus, ptosis, nystagmus.
  17. 17What is nystagmus?Involuntary back and forth movement of the eye.
    Normal response elicited by: rotation of temperature stimulation of semicircular canals, moving eyes to extremely horizontal position.
    Pathological response: abnormal oscillating eye movement occur with or without stimulation.
  18. 18What is pupillary reflex?Pupil constrict in the eye directly stimulated by bright light.
  19. 19What is consensual reflex?Constriction of the pupil of the other eye.
  20. 20What is accommodation?When viewing object <20 cm, the ciliary muscle contracts, increases the curvature of the lens, increases reflection of light rays and maintain the focal point in the retina.
  21. 21Pupillary, consensual and accomodation reflex are controlled by afferent in the ___________ and parasympathetic efferent of the ____________ nerve.Optic; oculomotor.
  22. 22Which area contribute to pupillary and accomodating reflexes?Pretectal area and oculomotor nucleus.
  23. 23Pathway of accommodation reflex after receiving signals from visual cortex.To pretectal area -> opposite prarsympatheic oculomotor nucleus
    OR
    To Frontal eye field of the same side to main nucleus of oculomotor nerve.
  24. 24What are the symptoms of trochlear nerve (CN IV) damage?Medial strabismus(and up), nystagmus
  25. 25What are the symptoms of damage to abducens nerve?Medial strabismus and nystagmus.
  26. 26What is the function of CN V?A mixed nerve:
    Sensory branch: face, cornea, anterior tongue, TMJ
    Motor branch: muscle of mastication.
  27. 27Which muscles does trigeminal nerve supply?Temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, masseter muscle.
  28. 28What are the three branches of CN V?Opthalmic branch(sensory)
    Maxillary branch (sensory)
    Mandibular branch (sensory and motor)
  29. 29How many nucleus are there for CN V and what are they? Which of them are sensory?Motor nuscles
    Mesencephalic nucleus [propriceptive]
    Main sensory nucleus [Discriminative touch]
    Spinal [fast pain ans temperature]
    [Re: slow pain information projects to the reticular formation.]
  30. 30What is masseter reflex?When masseter is tapped with a reflex hammer, the muscle contracts (close the jaw).
    Afferent and efferent: trigeminal nerve
  31. 31What is cornea (blink) reflex?When the corneal is touched, the eyelids close.
    Afferent: trigeminal nerve; efferent: facial nerve.
  32. 32What is the etiology if trigeminal neuralgia?Unknown; hypotheses include segmental demyelination with subsequent changes in the spinal trigeminal nucleus, damage of trigeminal root ganglia and compression of the nerve branch by a blood vessel.
  33. 33What are the signs and symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia?Normal sensory function except for sharp, severe pains that last less than 2 min., usually only 1 branch of the CN V distribution and typically trigered by chewing, talking, brushing the teeth or shaving. [Re: it affects peripheral part of CN V, may also invovle spinal nucleus of CN V]
  34. 34What is the prognosis of trigeminal neuralgia?Variable; may resolve spontaneously after a few bout, may recur, or may require medication or surgery to decompress the nerve.
  35. 35What is the function of CN VII?A mixed nerve
    Sensory branch: pharynx and taste buds if the anterior tongue.
    Motor: muscles that close the eyes, lips and produce facial expressions.
    Parasympathetic: Salivary, nasal and lacrimal glands.
  36. 36What is the pathology of Bell's Palsy?Paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve on the side of the face.
  37. 37What is the etiology of Bell's palsy?Unknown: hypotheses include viral infection or immune disorder causing swelling of facial nerve within the temporal bone, resulting in compression and ischemia of the nerve.
  38. 38What are the signs and symptoms of Bell's palsy?Autonomic: in severe case salivation and production of tears may be affected.
    Motor: Paresis or paralysis of entire half of face, including frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscles, in severe cases, the ipsilateral eye cannot be closed.
  39. 39What is the prognosis of Bell's palsy?80% recover neural control of facial muscle within 2 months. Paresis is typically followed by complete recovery. Outcome after paralysis varies from complete recovery to permanent paralysis.
  40. 40What will happen if the upper motor neuron of the facial nerve is damaged?UMNL prevent information from reaching the facial nerve nuclei. It affects the CONTRLATERAL side. Since the upper face is innervated BILATERALLY only the lower face is affected.
  41. 41What is the function of vestibulocochlear nerve?Sensory.
    Vestibular branch: transmits information related to head position and head movement -> for balance control
    Cochlear branch: transmit information related to hearing
  42. 42What is the vestibular apparatus consists of?3 semicircular canals [receptor sensitive to rotational acceleration and deceleration]
    Utricle and saccule[otolithis organ][receptor sensitive to head postition relative to gravity, and to linear acceleration and deceleration]
  43. 43What is the function of the organ of Corti?Converts mechanical energy into neural signals conveyed by the cochlear nerve.
  44. 44Where are the hair cell embedded in?Tectorial membrane.
  45. 45What may rapid rotation of head elicit?Altered postural control (may lead to falling), head orientation adjustment, eye movement reflex, autonomic changes, change in consciousness and conscious awareness of head orientation and head movement.
  46. 46What is the function of glossopharyngeal nerve?A mixed nerve.
    Sensory branch: soft palate and pharynx, taste and sensation of the posterior tongue.
    Motor: pharyngeal muscle and paratoid salivary gland.
  47. 47What is gag reflex?Touching of the pharynx causes contraction of the pharyngeal muscle.
    Afferent: glossopharyngeal muscle,
    Efferent: vagus nerve
  48. 48What is swallowing reflex?Food touching entrance of pharynx elicits movement of the soft palate and contraction of muscles of the pharynx.
    Afferent: glossopharyngeal muscle,
    Efferent: vagus nerve
  49. 49What is the function of vagus nerve?Mixed nerve:
    Sensory and motor: innervation of larynx, pharynx and viscera motor function [tested by gag reflex (as CN XI)]
    Parasympathetic (both sensory and motor): larynx, pharynx, trachea, lung, heart, GI tract, pancreas, gall bladder and liver.
  50. 50What is the function of CN XI?Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
  51. 51What is the function of CN XI?Motor: intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the ipsilateral tongue.
  52. 52Which cranial nerves take part in the swallowing process?CN V,VII, IX, X, XII
  53. 53Which cranial nerves take part in the speech?CN: V, VII, X, XII
  54. 54How can each of the cranial nerves be tested?CN I: aromatic substance
    CN II: visual acuity and visual fields
    CN III, IV, VI: pupillary responses: light directed, eye movement
    CN V: Motor: tempotralis, masseter, pterygoids; Sensory: pin prick,light touch, corneal reflex.
    CN VII: facial muscle outlook, symmetry [screw eyes tightly, look surprise, show teeth, purse lips tight]
    CN VIII: auditory function: high tone tuning fork [512Hz]
    CN IX, X: Dysarthris, palate movement, pharyngeal sensation, gag reflex.
    CN XI: sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
    CN XII: tongue: rest, protrude, waggle from side to side.

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Flashcards on Neurology - Cranial nerve, created by Y Jane on 22/02/2015.
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