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| Question | Answer |
| what are the features of a lab experiment | An Independent Variable is manipulated to see the effect it has on a Dependant Variable |
| Strengths of a Lab experiment | - High internal validity because confounding variables can be controlled - its easy to replicate a Lab experiment |
| weaknesses of a lab experiment | Low ecological validity because the setting is artificial and may not replicate a real life situation |
| what is a natural experiment | The Independant variable is NOT manipulated; the 2 conditions naturally exist |
| weaknesses of a natural experiment | -ethical issues (participants don't usually know their taking part so they cant give consent) - more difficult to replicate because the likelihood of the same situation arising again is very low. -low internal validity because its hard to control extraneous variables |
| what is a field experiment | An independent variable is manipulated, but the Dependant variable is measured in a real world setting rather than a lab (e.g. an experiment that took place at a school) |
| strengths of a field experiment | - higher ecological validity because the setting is real life - lower chance of demand charecteristics because participants don't normally know that they're taking part. |
| weakness of a field experiment | likelihood of participant variables because participants are not randomly allocated to conditions so there is no control |
| what are demand characteristics | cues/clues in the environment which alert participants of what is needed of them in the experiment. |
| external validity | Ecological validity Population validity Temporal validity |
| Internal validity | (lab experiments) Genuinley measuring what you intend to measure - no extraneous or confounding variables |
| ecological validity | The extent of which we can generalise the findings of an experiment to the real world (real world value) |
| population validity | generalising the findings of an experiment to other people |
| temporal validity | generalise the findings of an experiment to other times e.g. past / future |
| Matched pairs experimental design | each participant experiences each condition once, however participants are grouped into pairs according to certain charecterisitics |
| advantage of matched pairs design | - less chance of demand charecterstics because participants only experience one condition and so are less likely to guess the aims. - No order effects because each participant will only experience one condition. - takes a short amount of time - good control of participant variables |
| disadvantage of matched pairs design | time consuming to match participant variables and theres a high chance that the match will not be perfect |
| Repeated measures design | each participant experiences both conditions one after the other |
| advantage of repeated measures design | half as many participants are needed because one participant can gather 2 pieces of data |
| disadvantage of repeated measures design | - order effects are likely so results in condition 2 may be better because participants have already performed it - demand characteristics because participants experience both conditions and so could guess the aim of the experiment |
| Independent groups design | each participant experiences each condition only once so there will be 2 separate groups of participants completing one condition each. participants will be randomly allocated to each condition |
| advantage of independent groups design | - No order effects because each participant will only experience one condition - less chance of demand characteristics - takes a short amount of time |
| disadvantage of independent groups design | lower control of participant variables because there are different participants in each conditions: individual differences may affect the outcome. |
| what is a directional hypothesis | a more precise hypothesis because it is based around a clear outcome of a theory |
| what is a non directional hypothesis | a less precise hypothesis based on an unclear outcome to a theory (it could go either way) |
| research hypothesis | the hypothesis written for a study |
| null hypothesis | a statement of no difference or no relationship e.g - There is no difference in the concentration levels of participants in the loud and soft noise conditions |
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