Flashcards
Pediatric
Cards in this deck (29)
- 1Acute Otitis MediaInflammation of the middle ear
- 2Structures lined by mucous membranes• Mastoid sinuses
• Middle ear
• Eustachian tube
(Protects middle ear, Provides drainage,
and equalizes air pressure) - 3Otitis Media (OM)• Occurs most often after upper respiratory infection
• Caused by Streptococcal pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza
• Infants more prone because of ear anatomy
• Infant’s humoral defense mechanisms are immature - 4Otitis Media (OM) Signs and symptoms• Rubbing or pulling at the ear
•Rolling the head from side to side
• Hearing loss
• Loud speech
• Inattentive behavior
• Articulation problems
• Speech development problems - 5Otitis Media Manifestations• Tympanic membrane is reddened and bulging
• Eardrum can rupture if an abscess forms - 6Otitis Media Treatment• Antibiotics
• Eardrops
• Surgical intervention when conventional methods are not successful - 7Otitis Media Medical or surgical treatment• Hearing aids
• Cochlear implants
• OM is considered chronic if the condition persists for more than 3 months - 8Meningitis• Inflammation of the meninges
• meninges (covering of the brain and spinal cord)
• Meningitis is caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
• Meningitis is rare in immune-competent person
• Haemophilus influenza is most common
• meninges are invaded indirectly by the bloodstream (sepsis)
• Bacterial meningitis are referred as purulent because of pus-forming that can occur - 9Meningitis Manifestations• intracranial irritation from the purulent toxins released by the bacteria
• The presence of petechiae suggests meningococcal infection - 10Meningitis Signs & Symptoms• Severe headache • Drowsiness • Fever
• Delirium • Irritability • Restlessness
• Vomiting • High-pitched cry in infants
• Stiffness of the neck (nuchal rigidity)
• Seizures are common • Coma may occur - 11Meningitis DiagnosisCSF
- 12Meningitis Treatment• Initiate antimicrobials
• place child in isolation for 24 h - 13Meningitis Nursing Care• perform neurologic check
• Monitor VS
• Monitor I&O
• Maintain a quiet environment to help decrease stimuli - 14Reyes Syndrome• Acute non-inflammatory encephalopathy and hepatopathy that follows a viral infection in children
• May be a relationship between the use of aspirin during a viral flu or illness - 15Reyes Syndrome Manifestations• accumulation of ammonia in the blood
• Effortless vomiting
• Altered behavior & LOC
• Seizures
• coma - 16Treatment of Reyes Syndrome• Reduce ICP
• Maintain patent airway
• Cerebral oxygenation
• Fluid and electrolyte balance
• Observe for signs of bleeding - 17Seizure Disorders• It's the most common neurological dysfunction observed in children
• It's a sudden, intermittent episodes of altered LOC that last seconds to minutes and may include involuntary tonic and clonic movements - 18Types of Seizures• Febrile
• Epilepsy
epilepsy is classified as:
1- generalized
2- partial
3 - atonic - 19Generalized Epilepsy• Petit mal or absence seizure
• Grand mal or Tonic-clonic seizure
• 3 phases:
• Aura • Tonic/clonic seizure • Postictal - 20Partial Epilepsy• Account for 40%
• LOC may be intact or slightly altered
• Simple or Jacksonian seizure
• Complex or Psychomotor or temporal lobe seizures - 21Atonic Epilepsy• Drop or myoclonic infantile seizures
- 22Intracranial Causes of Seizures in Children Epilepsy
• Congenital anomaly
• Birth injury
• Infection
• Trauma
• Degenerative disease
• Vascular disorder - 23Extracranial Causes of Seizures in Children• Fever
• Heart disease
• Metabolic disorders
• Hypocalcemia
• Hypoglycemia
• Dehydration and malnutrition - 24Toxic Causes of Seizures in Children• Anesthetics
• Drugs
• Poisons - 25Seizure Diagnosis• CT Scan
• MRI
• EEG
• Laboratory tests to rule out poisoning or electrolyte abnormalities - 26Seizure Treatment• Determine type, site, or cause
• Drug of choice depends on the type of seizure
• Diet changes may be needed for patients who do not respond well to anticonvulsants
• Status Epilepticus - 27Seizure Patient TeachingCommon triggering factors for seizures:
1. Flashing of dark/light patterns
2. Startling movements
3. Overhydration
4. Photosensitivity - 28Seizure Safety Alert• Keep side rails up
• Pad all sharp or hard objects around the bed
• Make sure child wears a medical ID bracelet
• Provide supervision during potentially hazardous play, such as swimming
• Avoid triggering factors
• Teach the importance of compliance with the
medication regimen - 29Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)components of a cranial/neurological check
• LOC
• Pupil and eye movement
• Vital signs
• Motor activity
• Assess fontanels
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- Flashcards on Pediatric, created by sam boney on 10/03/2020.
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- sam boney
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