Flashcards
Lecture 2 Summary
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1What is a conceptual hypotheses? example: how does drinking alcohol influence creativity?conceptual = outlines the predicted relationship between the independent variable (IV)/predictor variable and the dependent variable (DV)/outcome variable
e.g., intoxicated participants will be more creative than sober participants - 2What is a statistical hypotheses? example: how does drinking alcohol influence creativity?statistical = represents the mathematical relationship presumed to exist between 2 or more population parameters
e.g., creativity scores will be higher among intoxicated participants than among sober participants. - 3What is Neyman-Pearsons Hypothesis testing model? what are the two statistical hypothesis offered?a statistical analysis in psychology that offers two statistical hypotheses
1) the null hypothesis (H0)- no relationship between two variables
2) the alternative hypothesis (H1) - there is a relationship between the 2 variables - 4What is meant by 'rejecting the null?'The likelihood that the sample was drawn from a population with the mean specified under the null hypothesis?
We then aim to reject it on the basis that the sample mean is so extreme that it is unlikely to have come from the population specified under the null - 5How 'extreme' does a sample mean have to be to 'reject the null'?we reject the null when the sample mean is so extreme that it would occur when the null is true less than 5% of the time
also referred to as: p < .05
(critical region, 'a' (alpha) - 6Rejecting the H0 means thatit is unlikely given the current data and we accept the alternative hypothesis for the time being
- 7Retaining the H0....does not mean that it is true - we might just not have found sufficient evidence to reject it at the moment
- 8Can we prove a statement?No, the best we can do is evaluate the evidence to see whether H0 is unlikely to be true.
- 9What are the four types of hypothesis
- 10hypotheses types: causal and directional example?More A causes more (or less) B
e.g. consuming alcohol increases creativity - 11hypotheses types: non-causal and directional example?More A is related to more (or less) B
e.g. greater alcohol consumption is associated with greater creativity - 12hypotheses types: causal and non-directional example?A causes B
e.g. consuming alcohol affects creativity - 13hypotheses types: non-causal and non-directional example?A is related to B
e.g. alcohol consumption is associated with creativity - 14what hypotheses test? giving a gift to someone impacts your happiness.causal, non-directional
- 15what hypotheses test? observing someone achieve their goal leads to decreased goal striving on a similar taskcausal, directional
- 16What hypotheses test? stress is related to workplace attitudesnon-causal, non-directional
- 17One-versus two-tailed testsalpha (a) of 0.5
two-tailed test allows for differences in either direction
- 18What is a sampling distributionsthe distribution of a statistic that we would expect if we drew an infinite number of samples (of a given size) from the population
has a mean and SD - 19Most common sampling distribution?sampling distribution of the mean
- 201) what does x-bar stand for? 2) what does mu x-bar1) the sampling distribution of the mean
2) mean of the sampling distribution of the mean
- 21Sampling distribution of the mea will be normally distributed if the 1) population of raw scores is ___ 2) is the sample size is at least (number)1) normally distributed
2) 30 (central limit theorem) - 22whats the standard error of the meanthe standard deviation of the distribution of sample means
- 23what does the SEM represent?the typical or average distance between a sample mean and the mean of the population
- 24z-scores estimate how far the sample mean is away frommu (specified in H0)
- 25If we know a mean of a population but don't know the standard dev we...use an approximation of that standard deviation from the standard deviation for the sample
conduct a one-sample t-test - 26both z and t test have: a mean of __ are__mean of zero
are symmetrical and unimodal - 27The t distributionhas a flatter distribution
has a larger standard deviation
depends on df, so t-distribution is a family of distributions - 28implications for statistical inferencelarger values of t required to reject H0 - depends on df
as df approaches infinity, the distribution will approach normality and be equivalent to z - 29what are degrees of freedom? for a one sample t-test we use...number of scores that are free to vary
df = N - number of parameters estimated
for a one sample t-test, df = N – 1 - 30—
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- PSYC2010 Flashcards on Lecture 2 Summary, created by Hailey Brown on 08/04/2020.
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- Hailey Brown
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