2195630
Description
Flashcards by Ben Goetze, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ben Goetze
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Multicellular | Consists of many cells (e.g. animals, plants) |
| Unicellular | Consists of One Cell (e.g. bacteria) |
| Tissue | A tissue consisting of only one type of cell e.g. muscle tissue |
| Organ | Consist of two or more tissues forming a structure with a particular function e.g. muscle tissue |
| Organ Systems | Organs working together e.g. cardiovascular system |
| Organism | Individual Creature |
| Structure of Cell | Features of Cell |
| Function of Cell | What the cell does |
| Differentiation | The activation of particular genes in stem cells so they develop particular structures to carry out particular functions |
| Organ systems that constitute the body | Circulatory Respiratory Excretory Nervous Digestive Reproductive |
| MRSGREN | Movement Respiration Sensetivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition |
| Cell Theory | All living things consist of cells and the products of cells. All cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Surface Area | A measurement of the exposed portion of an object (measured in m^2) |
| Volume | A measurement of the interior of an object |
| Implications of SA/V ratio in cells | As cells increase in size, it becomes more difficult for them to provide nutrients and to remove wastes by diffusion. This means surface exchange becomes less efficient, limiting the effective size of cells |
| Prokaryotes | Small, 10micrometers, no true nucleus, no membrane bound organelles e.g. bacteria |
| Eukaryotes | Larger - 50-100 micrometers, true membrane bound nucleus, membrane bound organelles. May form multicellular organisms e.g. plants, animals |
| Nucleus | Double Membrane bound structure within which is the DNA in the form of chromosomes. The nuclear membrane has pores through which RNA can pass |
| Mitochondria | Double membrane structure within which aerobic respiration takes place. Also contains a small level of DNA. Large internal surface area |
| Chloroplast | Double Membrane structure that contains DNA. It is mainly found in plants and is the site for photosynthesis. |
| Vacuole | Single membrane sac like structure that stores materials. Large sap vacuole in plant cells. |
| Golgi Body | Stack of membranes where proteins are packaged for export from cell Vesicles (small vacuoles) break off containing proteins to be exported from cell |
| Ribosomes | Don't contain membranes, rather made from RNA. Where proteins are synthesized. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | A system of membrane pathways through the cytoplasm of a cell. Provides surface area for cellular reactions and a transport pathway. Some sections have ribosomes on the surface so called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, other sections lack ribosomes so called smooth |
| Gene | Section of the DNA code that determines the structure of a particular protein |
| Evolution | The change in organisms over generations |
| Endosymbiotic | Once Cell living within another, both gaining benefit Small cell engulfed by a larger cell. Gains protection from from larger cell and gives it some benefit. |
| Cytoskeleton | Network of proteins through cytoplasm connecting cellular components. Can cause membrane to move |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | Fluid - Membrane is a dynamic structure, components can move. Mosaic - Membrane consists of different components e.g. Phospholipids and proteins |
| Polar Head | Charged so attracts water molecules |
| Hydrocarbon Tail | Hydrophobic - repels water |
| Endocytosis | Membrane invaginates forming a vacuole with materials from outside the cell e.g. Nutrients |
| Exocytosis | Vacuole fuses with cell membrane and contents are expelled out of cell |
| State 3 Functions of the cytoskeleton | Control cell shape, Move Organelles, Enable Cell movement, Enable endo/exocytosis |
| Intracellular | Inside Cell |
| Extracellular | Outside Cell |
| Cells Take in: | Nutrients: Glucose, Amino Acids and Oxygen |
| Cells expel | Wastes e.g. Urea and Carbon Dioxide |
| They regulate | Water balance by controlling water molecules and ions |
| The internal composition of the cell is regulated to: | Provide the ideal conditions for the metabolism (biochemical reactions) of the cell. e.g. pH, water balance, oxygen, glucose |
| Bilipid Layer | Barrier to H20, only allows lipid soluble substances through e.g. O2 |
| Proteins: | Some provide pathways for water molecules and those dissolve in water.Others provide specific pathways for particular molecules e.g. Glucose, ions |
| Passive Transport | No energy input required. Substances move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration along a concentration gradient. e.g. Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis |
| Active Transport | Requires input of energy. Substances moved against a concentration e.g. active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| Diffusion | Molecules move randomly causing collisions with each other. These collisions will tend to spread molecules apart unless confined. Given time, in a sealed container, molecules will spread out evenly. |
| Osmosis | The passive movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane Solvent - e.g. Water Solute dissolves in water e.g. Na+ and Cl- ions from NaCl |
| Facilitated Diffusion | This is where a protein provides a specific pathway across the membrane - called a carrier protein e.g. for glucose |
| ATP | Short term energy storage compound in cells that can provide energy when and where it is required |
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