Flashcards
Final Exam Study Guide (Chapters 10 & 11)
Cards in this deck (37)
- 1Define Decision MakingThe process of choosing from among several alternatives
- 2Name the five steps of decision making1. Assess the present situation
2. Identify Goal(s)
3. Identify several alternatives
4. Evaluate positive/negative consequences of each alternative
5. Select an alternative (make a decision) - 3Name 6 Methods of Group Decision MakingDecision by Expert
Averaging Individual Ratings/Rankings
Random Choice
Majority Rule
Minority Rule
Decision by Consensus - 4What is the Decision by Expert method of decision making?The group defers to the member (or someone outside the group) who has the most experience or expertise
- 5What is the Average Individual Rankings/Ratings method of decision making?Group members rank or rate each suggested alternative and the alternative with the highest ranking or best rating is selected
- 6What is the Random Choice method of decision making?Group members choose a decision at random
- 7What is the Majority Rule method of decision making?The decision is made by the majority of group members
- 8What is the Minority Rule method of decision making?The group decides to support a position advocated by a vocal minority of group members
- 9What is the Decision by Consensus method of decision making?Through discussion, group members reach a decision that all members support.
- 10Define Problem-SolvingThe process of overcoming obstacles to achieve a goal
- 11What are the three elements of a problem?1 - an undesirable existing situation
2 - a goal the group wishes to achieve
3 - obstacles that keep a group from achieving its goal - 12True or False: Almost every problem can be phrased in terms of something you want more or less ofTrue
- 13Define the Descriptive Approach to Problem SolvingIdentifies the typical patterns of communication that occur when people interact to solve problems
- 14Define the Functional Approach to Problem SolvingIdentifies key task requirements and stresses the importance of effective communication as major factors that contribute to effective problem solving
- 15Define the Prescriptive Approach to Problem SolvingIdentifies specific agendas and techniques to improve group problem-solving performance
- 16What are Fisher's four phases of group problem solving?Orientation
Conflict
Emergence
Reinforcement - 17What occurs in the orientation phase of problem solving?Group member communication is directed at orienting themselves toward others as well as to the group's task
- 18What occurs in the conflict phase of group problem solving?Characterized by persuasive attempts at changing others' opinions and reinforcing one's own position.
- 19What happens in the emergence phase of group problem solving?The group begins to resolve the conflict from phase 2.
- 20What happens in the reinforcement phase of group problem solving?The group emerges from the struggle of the previous three phases with a sense of direction, consensus, and a feeling of group identity.
- 21Define Dialectical TheorySuggests that during communication there are often competing tensions pulling the conversation into multiple directions
- 22What is the spiraling model?Suggests that groups may not march through four phases but rather cycle or spiral through them throughout the group or team's development
- 23What are the key functions of effective problem according to Randy Hirokawa and the functional approach?1. Develop an accurate understanding of the problem
2. Develop requirements for an acceptable choice
3. Develop many alternatives to solve the problem
4. Assess the positive features of the alternatives for solving the problem
5. Assess the negative features of the alternatives for solving the problem - 24Which of Hirokawa's five key functions to effective problem solving are the best predictors of quality group performance according to research?1 (develop and accurate understanding of the problem)
2 (develop requirements for an acceptable choice)
5 (evaluate the negative features of the alternatives for solving the problem) - 25Name the four communication functions considered essential to effective problem solvingAnalysis Function
Idea-Generation Function
Evaluation Function
Personal-Sensitivity Function - 26Define Reflective ThinkingA series of logical, rational steps based on the scientific method of defining, analyzing, and solving a problem
- 27Who developed the concept of reflective thinking?John Dewey
- 28What are the steps of reflective thinking?1 - Identify and define the problem
2 - Analyze the problem
3 - Generate Several Possible Solutions
4 - Evaluate Options & Select the Best Option
5 - Test and implement the solution - 29What is an "is/is not analysis"A method of separating the causes from the symptoms of a problem by considering such questions as: What is or is not the problem? What are or are not the symptoms of the problem? and When and where does the problem occur or not occur?
- 30Name the journalists six questionsWho
What
Where
When
Why
How - 31What is the Pareto Principle?The source of 80% of the problem comes from 20% of the incidents
- 32What is a force-field analysis?a method of structuring the analysis to a problem to assess the driving and restraining forces that may affect the attainment of a goal
- 33What are the steps to conducting a force-field analysis?1 - Identify the goal/objective
2 - On the right side of the chart list all the restraining forces (what keeps the group from achieving its goal)
3 - On the left side of the chart, list the driving forces (what helps the group achieve it's goal)
4 - Decide whether to 1) increase the driving forces 2) decrease the restraining forces or 3) do a mix of both - 34What is a cause and effect diagram also called?A fish-bone diagram
- 35Define Criteriastandards or goals for an acceptable solution
- 36Define the ideal-solution formatA problem-solving method that helps a group define a problem, speculate about an ideal solution, and identify the obstacles that keep it from achieving its goal
- 37Define the single-question formatA problem solving agenda that helps a group identify key issues and sub-issues of a problem
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- Flashcards on Final Exam Study Guide (Chapters 10 & 11), created by Liz Carpenter on 13/04/2020.
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