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Flashcards

Ch. 12: CNS

Julie B Bio 201 English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1What are the primary parts of the central nervous systemBrain and spinal cord
  2. 2What are the four layers of protection around the brainSkull, Dura Mater, Arachnoid Layer, Pia Mater
  3. 3What are the three layers of cranial meningesDura Mater, Arachnoid Layer, Pia Mater
  4. 4What tissue makes up the dura materDense irregular connective tissue
  5. 5What is the space between the skull and the dura materThe epidural layer
  6. 6What is the epidural space made ofAdipose tissue
  7. 7What is the purpose of the tissue in the epidural spacePadding around the brain
  8. 8What is the middle meninges?The Arachnoid Layer
  9. 9What tissue is the Arachnoid layer made of?Collagen and elastic
  10. 10Is the arachnoid layer vascular or avascular?Avascular
  11. 11What is the space between the Dura Mater and Arachnoid Layer?The Subdural Space
  12. 12What fills the subdural space?Interstitial fluid
  13. 13What is the deepest meninges?Pia Mater
  14. 14What tissue is the pia mater made of?Connective tissue
  15. 15Is the pia mater vascular or avascular?Vascular
  16. 16What is the space between the Arachnoid Layer and the Pia MaterThe Subarachnoid Space
  17. 17What fills the subarachnoid spaceCerebrospinal Fluid
  18. 18What are the five ingredients of cerebrospinal fliud?Proteins, Leukocytes, Ions, Water, Glucose
  19. 19What are the functions of cerebrospinal fliud?Mechanical and chemical protection; Circulation of nutrients and waste
  20. 20What is the name for the capillaries in the walls of the ventricles of the brain?Choroid Plexus
  21. 21What cells cover the capillaries of the Choroid Plexus?Ependymal Cells
  22. 22What do ependymal cells secrete?Cerebrospinal fluid
  23. 23What cells form the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier?Ependymal Cells
  24. 24Ependymal Cells hook together to form what barrier?The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier
  25. 25A disorder in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brainHydrocephalus
  26. 26What symptoms are associated with hydrocephalus?Bulging head; Increased brain pressure
  27. 27What structure prevents passage of certain compounds into the brain?The Blood-Brain Barrier
  28. 28What forms the Blood-Brain Barrier?Ependymal cells and Astrocytes
  29. 29What structure do Ependymal Cells and Astrocytes in the brain come together to form?The Blood-Brain Barrier
  30. 30What substances can cross the Blood-Brain Barrier?Substances that are soluble in lipids; Water-soluble compounds that pass through active processes; amino acids, electrolytes and sugars
  31. 31What are the four principal parts of the brain?The Brain Stem; The Cerebrum; The Cerebellum; The Diencephalon
  32. 32What are the four parts of the brain stem?The Medulla Oblongata, the Pons, the Midbrain, the Reticular Formation
  33. 33Where in the brain stem is the medulla oblongata located?The inferior part of the brain stem
  34. 34What two structures do the medulla oblongata touch?The foramen magnum; the pons
  35. 35What two structures does the medulla oblongata connect?The spinal cord and the brain
  36. 36What are the six structures of the medulla oblongata?The Pyramids; Nucleus gracilis; Nucleus cuneatus; Cardiovascular center; Medullary Rhythmicity Area; The olive
  37. 37Where are the pyramids located in the medulla oblongata?The anterior portion
  38. 38What is the region on the medulla where nerves from the pyramids cross over each other?The decussation of pyramids
  39. 39What two structures in the medulla oblongata relay sensory information to the thalamusNucleus gracilis; Nucleus cuneatus
  40. 40What structure regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vesselsThe Cardiovascular Center
  41. 41What structure in the medulla oblongata adjusts the rhythm of breathingThe Medullary Rhythmicity Area
  42. 42What structure in the medulla oblangata carries impulses to the cerebrum that regulate posture and equilibriumThe olive
  43. 43Where in the brain stem is the pons located?Superior to the medulla
  44. 44What three structures does the pons connect?The spinal cord and medulla to the rest of the brain
  45. 45What are the three structures of the ponsThe Cerebellar Peduncles; The Pneumotaxic Area; The Apneustic Area
  46. 46What bundle of nerves connect the pons and the cerebellum?The Cerebellar Peduncles
  47. 47What two structures in the pons regulate breathing?The pneumotaxic and apneustic areas
  48. 48What two structures does the midbrain rest betweenThe pons; The diencephalon
  49. 49What are the six parts of the midbrainThe Cerebral Aqueduct; The Cerebral Peduncles; The Corpora Quadrigemina; The Substantia Nigra; The Red Nucleus; The Medial Lemniscus
  50. 50What structure does the cerebral aqueduct pass through?The midbrain
  51. 51What two ventricles do the cerebral aqueduct connect?The third and fourth
  52. 52What Midbrain structure carries impulses from the pons and medulla to the thalamus?The Cerebral Peduncles
  53. 53What is the name for the four rounded elevations located at the posterior portion of the midbrain?The Corpora Quadrigemina
  54. 54Where in the midbrain is the corpora quadrigemina locatedThe posterior portion
  55. 55What are the four elevations of the Corpora QuadrigeminaTwo Superior Colliculi; Two Inferior Colliculi
  56. 56What structure serves as reflex centers for eye and head movements?Superior Colliculi
  57. 57What structure serves as the reflex center for auditory stimuliInferior Colliculi
  58. 58What structure in the midbrain controls subconscious muscle activityThe substantia nigra
  59. 59In Parkinson's disease, dopamine-containing neurons in what part of the brain start to degenerateThe substantia nigra
  60. 60What structure in the midbrain coordinates muscle movements in the body?The Red Nucleus
  61. 61What gives the red nucleus its color?Blood supply
  62. 62What is the name of the band of white matter that extends through the medulla, pons, and midbrain?The Medial Lemniscus
  63. 63What three structures does the medial lemniscus pass through?The medulla, the pons, and the midbrain
  64. 64What midbrain structure carries impulses for touch and pressure from the medulla to the thalamus?The Medial Lemniscus
  65. 65What area of the brain stem consists of gray matter interspersed with white matter?The Reticular Formation
  66. 66What part of the Brain Stem functions by regulating muscle toneThe Reticular Formation
  67. 67What brain structure occupies the inferior, posterior aspect of the cranial cavity?The Cerebellum
  68. 68What is the second largest portion of the brain?The Cerebellum
  69. 69What is the largest portion of the brain?The Cerebrum
  70. 70What structure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?The Transverse Fissure
  71. 71What is the white layer formed by the Purkinje Cells called?The Arbor Vitae
  72. 72What is the name of the central portion of the cerebellum?The Vermis
  73. 73What is the superficial portion of the Cerebellum called?The Cerebellar Cortex
  74. 74What structure attaches the cerebellum to the brain stem?The cerebellar peduncles
  75. 75What is the name for myelinated neurons in the cerebellum that form a visible white layer?Purkinje Cells
  76. 76What are the four functions of the cerebellum?Regulate posture and balance; Allows for skilled motor movements; Regulates hand-eye coordination; Regulates equilibrium
  77. 77What major brain structure is responsible for regulating posture and balance?The Cerebellum
  78. 78What major brain structure is responsible for allowing for skilled motor movement?The Cerebellum
  79. 79What major brain structure is responsible for regulating hand-eye coordination?The Cerebellum
  80. 80What major brain structure is responsible for regulating equilibrium?The Cerebellum
  81. 81What brain structure begins at the midbrain ad extends upward?The diencephalon
  82. 82What brain structure forms the walls of the third ventricle?The diencephalon
  83. 83What are the primary parts of the diencephalon?The pineal gland; The thalamus; The hypothalamus
  84. 84Where is the pineal gland located?In the diencephalon
  85. 85What structure in the diencephalon regulates the body's biological clock and promotes sleepiness?The pineal gland
  86. 86What structure composes the majority of the diencephalon?The thalamus
  87. 87What is the bridge of gray matter that connects the right and left sides of the thalamus?The intermediate mass
  88. 88What are the two functions of the thalamus?Relay station for impulses from the spinal cord to the cerebrum; cognition
  89. 89What structure is located just inferior to the thalamus?The hypothalamus
  90. 90What are the two major parts of the hypothalamus?The Mammillary Bodies; The Pituitary Gland
  91. 91What structure in the diencephalon serves as a relay station for reflexes relation to the sense of smell?The Mammillary Bodies
  92. 92The pituitary gland attaches to the hypothalamus via what structure?Infundibulum
  93. 93What are the seven primary functions of the hypothalamusRegulating homeostasis in the body; Controlling the autonomic nervous system; Regulating emotional and behavioral patterns; Regulating hunger and thirst; Controlling body temperature; Regulating diurnal rhythm; Controlling and regulating the endocrine system
  94. 94What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating homeostasis in the bodyThe hypothalamus
  95. 95What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for controlling the autonomic nervous systemThe hypothalamus
  96. 96What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for controlling secretions of the pituitary glandThe hypothalamus
  97. 97What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating emotional and behavioral patternsThe hypothalamus
  98. 98What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating hunger and thirstThe hypothalamus
  99. 99What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for controlling body temperatureThe hypothalamus
  100. 100What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for regulating diurnal rhythmsThe hypothalamus
  101. 101What structure in the diencephalon is responsible for controlling and regulating the endocrine systemThe hypothalamus
  102. 102What major brain structure is supported by the brain stem and the diencephalonThe cerebrum
  103. 103Where in the cerebrum is white matter found?Deep
  104. 104What is a fold in the cerebrum calledA gyrus
  105. 105What is a deep groove between gyri in the cerebellum calledFissures
  106. 106What is a shallow groove between gyri in the cerebellum calledSulci
  107. 107What structure separates the two hemispheres of the brain from each otherThe Longitudinal Fissure
  108. 108What band of white matter connects the hemispheres of the cerebrumThe Corpus Callosum
  109. 109What are the four lobes of the cerebrumThe frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the occipital lobe, the temporal lobe
  110. 110What are the five sensory areas in the cerebrumGeneral sensory area; Primary visual area; Primary auditory area; Primary gustatory area; Primary olfactory area
  111. 111What structure of the cerebrum receives nerve impulses for touch, temperature, pain, and body positionThe general sensory area
  112. 112What structure of the cerebrum receives impulses conveying visual informationPrimary visual area
  113. 113What structure of the cerebrum receives sound impulsesPrimary auditory area
  114. 114What structure of the cerebrum receives taste impulsesPrimary gustatory area
  115. 115What structure of the cerebrum receives smell impulsesPrimary olfactory area
  116. 116What are the two major motor areas of the cerebrumPrimary motor area; Motor speech area
  117. 117What structure of the cerebrum produces impulses that regulate skeletal muscle contractionsPrimary motor area
  118. 118What structure of the cerebrum allows for translation of the spoken wordMotor speech area
  119. 119What side of the cerebrum regulates math and logical thoughtsThe left hemisphere
  120. 120What side of the cerebrum regulates artistic and music thoughtsThe right hemisphere
  121. 121What structure is formed by several structures on the inner surface of the cerebrum and the diencephalon?The Limbic System
  122. 122What two structures make up the Limbic System?The Olfactory Bulbs; The Mammillary Bodies
  123. 123Where are the Olfactory Bulbs located?On the cribriform Plate
  124. 124What structure of the limbic system conducts impulses for smell to the cerebrumThe Olfactory Bulbs
  125. 125Where are the mamillary bodies located?The hypothalamus
  126. 126What are the two functions of the limbic system?Governing emotions, behavior, memory; Allowing for pleasure, pain, rage, fear, and sorrow
  127. 127What is the term for the storage and retrieval of information?Memory
  128. 128What are the two types of memory?Short-term and long-term
  129. 129What are the four steps of transferring information from short-term to long-term memoryEmotional actions; Rehearsal; Association; Autonomic Response
  130. 130What are the two types of sleep?REM; NREM
  131. 131What is the term for a brain disorder caused by an interruption of blood supply to the brainCerebrovascular Accident
  132. 132What is the medical term for a stroke?Cerebrovascular Accident
  133. 133What is the progressive deterioration of the brain that results in mental deterioration?Alzheimer's Disease
  134. 134What is the name for any growth in the brain?Brain tumor
  135. 135What is an impairment of the brain's ability to translate images received by the eyes into understandable languageDyslexia
  136. 136What is a disorder of the central nervous system that results in involuntary skeletal muscle contractions of muscles that are normally under voluntary controlParkinson's Disease
  137. 137A hereditary disorder that occurs during middle ageHuntington's disease
  138. 138Inflammation of the meningesMeningitis
  139. 139Inability to recognize sensory stimuliAgnosia
  140. 140Abnormal cognitionDelirium
  141. 141Loss of intellectual abilities such as memory, judgment, etcdementia
  142. 142Inflammation of the brainEncephalitis
  143. 143Condition of functional sluggishnessLethargy
  144. 144Attacks of pain along the length of a nerveNeuralgia
  145. 145Unresponsiveness from which a person can be aroused by repeated stimulationStupor
  146. 146The brain and spinal cord begin as what embryonic structure?The Neural Tube
  147. 147The Neural Tube expands to form what three vesicles?The Prosencephalon; the Mesencephalon; and the Rhombocephalon
  148. 148The Prosencephalon makes up what part of the brain?The forebrain
  149. 149The Mesencephalon makes up what part of the brain?The midbrain
  150. 150The Rhombencephalon makes up what part of the brain?The hindbrain
  151. 151The Prosen, Mesen, and Rhombencephalon give rise to what four secondary ventricles?The Telencephalon; The Diencephalon; The Metencephalon; the Myelencephalon
  152. 152The Telencephalon develops to form what brain structure?The cerebral hemispheres
  153. 153The Diencephalon develops to form what brain structure?The diencephalon
  154. 154The Metencephalon develops to form what two brain structures?The brain stem and cerebellum
  155. 155The Myelencephalon develops to form what brain structure?The medulla oblongata
  156. 156What structure serves as the major connection between the brain and the bodyThe spinal cord
  157. 157Name the four connective coverings around the spinal cordThe vertebral column; the dura mater; the arachnoid layer; the pia mater
  158. 158The vertebral column is composed of what tissue?Bone tissue
  159. 159Where is the spinal cord found?The vertebral foramen of the vertebrae in the vertebral column
  160. 160What is the name for extensions of the dura mater that fuse with the arachnoid layer?Denticulate ligaments
  161. 161What ligaments hold the spinal cord in place?Denticulate ligaments
  162. 162The spinal cord extends between what two structures?The medulla oblongata; The second lumbar vertabra
  163. 163Name the two enlargements of the spinal cordThe Cervical Enlargement; The Lumbar Enlargement
  164. 164Where is the Cervical Enlargement found?The neck
  165. 165Nerves from the cervical enlargement extend to what part of the body?Arms
  166. 166Where is the lumbar enlargement found?The lower back
  167. 167Nerves from the lumbar enlargement extend to what part of the body?Legs
  168. 168What is the tapered, cone-shaped end of the spinal cord?The conus medullaris
  169. 169Where is the conus medullaris locatedThe second lumbar vertebra
  170. 170The filium terminale is an extension of what meningesThe pia mater
  171. 171Where is the filium terminale locatedThe conus medullaris
  172. 172What structure attaches the spinal cord to the coccyxThe filium terminale
  173. 173What is the extension of nerves extending from the conus medullaris of the spinal cordThe cauda equina
  174. 174The nerves of the cauda equina extend into what body partsThe pelvic region and the legs
  175. 175How many pairs of spinal nerves extend from the spinal cord?31
  176. 176What structure allows for communication between the spinal cord and the body?Spinal nerves
  177. 177What are the two points of attachment on the spinal cord for each nerve called?Posterior and anterior roots
  178. 178What forms the shape of a butterfly in the center of the spinal cord?Gray matter
  179. 179What forms the body of the butterfly in the spinal cord?Gray Commissure
  180. 180What is the name for the small space in the center of the gray commissure?The Central Canal
  181. 181How far does the central canal extend?The length of the spinal cord
  182. 182The sides of the gray matter in the spinal cord are divided into what two structures?Posterior and anterior horns
  183. 183What neurons are located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord?Motor neurons to skeletal muscles
  184. 184What neurons are located in the posterior horn of the spinal cordMotor neurons to cardiac and smooth muscle
  185. 185What surrounds the gray matter of the spinal cordWhite matter
  186. 186What are the three major regions of the white matter in the spinal cordAnterior, posterior, and lateral columns
  187. 187What structure connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord togetherWhite commissure
  188. 188What are the bundles of nerves associated with the white matter of the spinal cordTracts
  189. 189What are the major categories of spinal tractsAscending and descending
  190. 190What spinal tract carries impulses for touch, pressure, and temperature to the brainThe Spinothalamic Tract
  191. 191Is the Spinothalamic tract ascending or descending?Ascending
  192. 192What spinal tract carries impulses for touch, pressure, vibration and awareness of body position to the brainPosterior Column Tracts
  193. 193Is the posterior column tract ascending or descendingAscending
  194. 194What spinal tract carries impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles in the bodyThe pyramidial tract
  195. 195Is the pyrimidial tract ascending or descendingDescending
  196. 196What spinal tract carries impulses from the brain to receptors in the body that regulate muscle tone, posture, and coordinationExtrapyramidal Tracts
  197. 197Is the extrapyramidal tract ascending or descendingDescending
  198. 198What is the name for a procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is removed from the subarachnoid space of the spinal cordSpinal tap
  199. 199What are the two specific functions of the spinal cord?Highway for impulse movement; integrates and examines information from/to brain
  200. 200Loss of motor functionParalysis

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Bio 201 Flashcards on Ch. 12: CNS, created by Julie B on 02/05/2020.
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Julie B
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