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Flashcards

NHS - EXAM 1

Aira Manguiat English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

  1. 1What is the priority when conducting a telephone assessment?to establish whether the patient’s condition is immediately life-threatening.
  2. 2Cells need a constant supply of ________ to survive, especially brain cells, which begin to die after __________ with no oxygen1. oxygen
    2. 3-5 minutes
  3. 3What are the three essential things that keep the body supplied with oxygen?A (AIRWAY): a clear airway through which air, containing oxygen, can enter
    B (BREATHING): air enters the lungs where oxygen passes into the blood
    C (CIRCULATION): a pumping heart and enough blood to carry oxygen to the body. This is why we use the term assessing a person’s ABC’s.
  4. 4If we establish that someone’s life is in immediate danger the priority is to get an ____________ to them as quickly as possible.ambulance
  5. 5How does a blocked airway cause danger to a person? Give examplesAnything blocking the passage of air through the airways into the lungs can stop oxygen reaching the body.
    Choking
    • Unconsciousness: when a person is unconscious the tongue may flop back and prevent
    air entering the airway.
  6. 6Aside from a blocked airway, what else stops a person from breathing?heart attack, an injury to the chest or head, drowning, a severe allergy, or poisoning by drugs or toxic gases.
  7. 7A person who stops breathing will become ___________. Their chest will not be ___________ there will be no breathing sounds and their skin may look very pale, ______________1. Unconscious
    2. moving
    3. Grey or blue
  8. 8The body needs a ________ _________ together with enough __________ to transport oxygen.1. pumping heart.
    2. blood.
  9. 9What is shock?life-threatening condition that occurs when the cardiovascular system (consisting of the heart, blood and blood vessels) fails for some reason, and is unable to circulate adequate amounts of oxygen around the body.
  10. 10Key signs and symptoms of shckThe person will be collapsed meaning that they are very weak and unable to stand. They may also be completely unconscious.
    • Someone who is experiencing true clinical shock will have cold skin, which can also feel clammy or wet. Patients may describe this clamminess in different ways, such as ‘sweatiness’ or ‘wetness’. Stimulation of the sweat glands by the nervous system occurs in response to this crisis situation, which causes this (cold) sweating. Their skin will also be much paler than usual, or even grey or blue. This is because the body diverts blood from the skin to more essential organs.
  11. 11Causes of shockSevere blood loss due to excessive bleeding from a wound or internal bleeding from an
    organ like the liver or from a blood vessel damaged by a bone fracture.
    • Heavy fluid loss e.g. due to vomiting, diarrhoea or through severe burns
    • Failure of the heart to pump properly e.g. due to a heart attack
    • Other causes such as severe infections, low blood sugar or a lack of certain hormones.
  12. 12If a person's ABC's are compromised, they may well need the intervention of _______ _______ __________ with ________ ________1. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
    2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
  13. 13The Resuscitation Council (UK)’s guidelines indicate that for each minute CPR is delayed there is a ________ reduction in survival rates.1. 10-12%
  14. 14What is an AED?Automatic External Defibrillator
    An AED is a portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses certain types of life-threatening problems with the heart’s rhythm and can treat these rhythms with an electric shock.
  15. 15If defibrillation occurs quickly, survival rates as high as _______ have been reported75%
  16. 16What is agonal breathing? How might a person be described?Abnormal breathing pattern where there are slow, sometimes noisy, irregular breaths that usually occur about every 10-15 seconds. This type of breathing can continue for several minutes after the heart has stopped beating.
    2. “gasping”, “snorting”, “gurgling” or “making funny noises”. They will be collapsed and unconscious. If there is doubt as to whether an unconscious person is breathing normally it should be assumed that they are not.
  17. 17What is the chain of survival?a diagram which illustrates CPR being delivered outside of a hospital environment. This could include CPR being delivered by a friend or relative or by a bystander if cardiac arrest occurs in a public place. The Chain Of Survival is four steps which, if delivered effectively and in sequence, can increase the chance of survival from an out of hospital cardiac arrest.
  18. 18STEP 1 OF CHAIN OF SURVIVALEarly recognition and call for help
    - to prevent cardiac arrest
    It is vital to recognise very quickly that a patient is in cardiac arrest. This will mean that a call can be made to the ambulance service and an ambulance can be despatched to be able to help the patient and CPR can be started.
  19. 19STEP 2 OF CHAIN OF SURVIVALStep 2: Early bystander CPR
    If a bystander is willing to start performing CPR, this can double or quadruple survival from an out of hospital cardiac arrest. Despite this evidence, only 40% of patients who suffer a cardiac arrest outside of a hospital environment in the UK will receive bystander CPR.
  20. 20STEP 3 OF CHAIN OF SURVIVALStep 3: Early defibrillation
    If a patient suffering cardiac arrest can receive a shock from an AED within 3-5 minutes after collapsing, their survival rate can be 50-70%. For every minute longer it takes for the patient to receive a shock from an AED, it reduces the probability of survival to hospital discharge by 10%. Less than 2% of patients suffering cardiac arrest in the UK receive a shock from an AED before an ambulance arrives.
  21. 21STEP 4 OF CHAIN OF SURVIVALStep 4: Early advanced life support and standardised post-resuscitation care
    Advanced life support with airway management, drugs and the correction of causal factors may be needed if initial attempts at resuscitation are unsuccessful. It goes without saying that the quality of treatment during the post-resuscitation phase will affect the long term outcome.
  22. 22common cause of illnesses and examplesVIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTIONS e.g. polio virus releases poisons that destroy nerve cells, leading to paralysis
    When an organ becomes weak or damaged e.g. heart disease
    Faulty genes e.g. haemophilia - blood doesn't clot properly
    Cells of the immune system also lose their ability to tell the difference between normal tissue and germs e.g. rheumatoid arthritis - normal tissue in a person's joints is attacked by a process normally designed to protect the body from germs.
  23. 23what is acute illness and chronic illness?ACUTE - short term illness - recovery is quick.
    cHRONIC - LONG-TERM - symptoms appear gradually and get worse despite treatment or change very slowly.
  24. 24Why would a medical alert bracelet be used?People with potentially life-threatening chronic conditions like diabetes will often wear a medical alert bracelet or pendant (often called a MedicAlert®), which identifies their condition and helps health care professionals treat them appropriately.
  25. 25Illness/Non-trauma definitionA state in which a function of part of the body is no longer in a healthy condition and which is experienced by the patient. This can be due to factors such as infection, ageing, lifestyle of genetics.
    (WITHIN THE BODY)
  26. 26Injury/Trauma DefinitionDamage to the body produced by recent exposure to mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy. (WITHIN 7 DAYS)
    - OUTSIDE FACTORS
  27. 27What is a penetrating injury and give exampleswhere there is a break in the skin or other body surface
    e.g. an accidental cut or a deliberate stab wound
  28. 28What is a blunt injuryhere the skin or
    other body surface has not been broken but damage has still occurred e.g. a bruise.
  29. 29Why are there separate pathways to deal with blunt and penetrating injuriesthey need to be treated differently. For example, with a penetrating injury there is likely to be visible bleeding, and an increased risk of germs getting in and causing infection. Whereas with a blunt injury there will be no visible external bleeding, but there may be swelling, bruising and internal damage to joints muscles or internal organs.
  30. 30What is the most common cause of death in children?Injuries
  31. 31EXAMPLES OF MAJOR INJURIESMajor burns e.g. those involving a large area of skin, any burn to the face with soot or swelling around the nose or mouth, or which may have involved inhalation of hot fumes or gases, or any burn that goes right around the body or right around a limb.
    • Major wounds e.g. gunshot, stab or very large deep wounds which may have caused internal damage as well as surface wounds or an amputation.
    • Injuries caused by road traffic collisions
    • Injuries caused by serious assault
    • Suffocation and strangulation. Even if the constriction or obstruction has been removed, serious complications can develop.
    • Suicide attempts or multiple and varied self-harm injuries
    • Near drowning
    • Major blunt injuries e.g. collision with a very large, very heavy or very fast-moving object.
    • Being knocked over by a blast e.g. an explosion, which can cause serious injuries
    • A fall from a height, which can cause several injuries to several parts of the body
    • Being struck by lightning, which can cause severe burns, heart rhythm irregularities and other injuries needing emergency care.
  32. 32Examples of severe situations / injurywhere the person is unconscious, not breathing or where there is blood spurting from a wound.
  33. 33If blood vessels are badly damaged, what will parts of the body look likePale, blue or grey
  34. 34How does the body heal itself? examplesBlood clotting and inflammation
    Fever
    Antibiotics
  35. 35How does blood clotting and inflammation heal the bodyWhen there is damage to part of the body a chemical protein inside platelets causes them to become sticky. This helps them combine with other substances to form a clot, which basically plugs the hole and stops bleeding. The clot later dries out to become a scab that helps to stop germs entering and then new skin forms underneath.
  36. 36If someone has blood which clots too easily they may need an ______________ which makes the blood less prone to clotting.anti-coagulant drug.
  37. 37The inflammatory response occurs when ________________. Give examples and explain the process.1. tissues are injured.
    2. germs, injury, heat or poisons. - Chemicals are released by the damaged tissue and these chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. One of these chemicals is called histamine. This reaction helps to isolate the harmful substance. The chemicals also attract white blood cells that eat germs, dead or damaged cells. All of this activity often makes the area swell up a bit and become warmer than the surrounding area. As the body continues to fight the problem and deal with the damage, pus is often formed from a collection of dead tissue, dead germs and white blood cells. This pus can then form a swelling under the skin (a boil or an abscess) and usually then finds an opening on the surface and discharges onto the skin. As everything settles down, the swelling goes and the inflammation in the area disappears.
  38. 38How does a fever allow the body to heal itselfFever, or a raised temperature occurs when the body’s thermostat inside the brain raises the body temperature above its normal level. This thermostat knows what temperature the body should be (usually around 37 degrees Celsius) and sends messages around the body to keep it away.
    Sometimes the thermostat will reset the body to a higher temperature in response to infection or inflammation. It is thought that this is the body’s way of fighting the germs that cause infections. Fever is not an illness but a sign of an underlying problem.
  39. 39Symptoms of a feversweating, chills and skin that is hot to touch. A high temperature is also often associated with aches and pains and a headache and the person may have a flushed face and occasionally violent shivering if the temperature is very high or rises very quickly.
  40. 40what is rigor. The violent shivering which occurs with especially high fevers is called a rigor. Muscles at work generate a lot of heat which is why we get hot and go red when we exercise. A rigor happens because the body’s muscles are shivering very hard in an attempt to raise body temperature to the new level set by the thermostat. These aren’t normal shivers and may be so strong the person might even notice their bed or chair shake when the rigor comes on. Until the body reaches the temperature the thermostat requires, the person may feel cold. This is why people with a fever sometimes wrap themselves up in lots of clothes or blankets.
  41. 41Antibiotics have no effect on ________-human cells or viruses
  42. 42A problem with antibiotics isthey lose effectiveness if over-used. Antibiotics normally kill their target bacteria in a week or 10 days but you usually feel better in a day or two because the majority of bacteria are killed quickly. However, sometimes one of the bacteria offspring develops a resistance and is able to survive the antibiotic treatment. This is particularly likely if people stop the treatment before the end of the course. If this germ then multiplies, the whole disease changes. If the new strain of the disease then infects other people the old antibiotic has no effect. That is what is known as antibiotic resistance.
    May also kill the good bacteria in our bodies that help us stay healthy. This is how we sometimes get diarrhoea after antibiotic treatment for a severe sore throat or chest infection.
  43. 43The word children is used throughout to refer toUnder 16's
  44. 44Children under one are more vulnerable to _____________ than any other age group.Abuse
  45. 45What is shaken baby syndromea form of child abuse that causes severe brain damage. As little as five seconds of forceable, violent shaking is enough to cause a serious brain injury in a baby. The forceable shaking causes the baby’s delicate brain to repeatedly hit the inside of the skull, damaging fragile blood vessels. This may result in bruising, bleeding and swelling of the brain.
  46. 46symptoms of SBSDifficulty staying awake
    • Body tremors
    • Trouble breathing
    • Poor eating
    • Vomiting
    • Discoloured skin
    • Seizures
    • Coma
    • Paralysis
  47. 47Why would we need to know if a caler is a pregnantThis question is only included if being pregnant changes the way we deal with a problem. So, for example, if you’re gasping for breath it doesn’t really make difference whether you’re pregnant or not as you still need emergency treatment. However a pregnant women with abdominal pain needs to be assessed differently. Most important, we need to make sure that she isn’t in labour.
  48. 48What does pregnancy increase the risk ofcertain conditions such as a urine infection. As well as making the woman unwell, some conditions can sometimes harm the baby. Some infections like rubella, whilst dangerous to the baby, may have little effect on the
    mother.
  49. 49What is pre-eclampsiaa rare
    but serious condition affecting expectant mothers that can progress to a
    condition called exclampsia which is life-threatening for both the mother and
    baby. A symptom commonly experienced with this condition is a headache.
    Headache is very common and usually a minor symptom in adults, but in late pregnancy it must be taken very seriously.
  50. 50Approximately ____________- will suffer from a mental health disorder at some stage in their life1 in 4 people in the UK
  51. 51Two groups of mental health disorders“Common Mental Health Disorders” - where sufferers are aware they are experiencing extremes of normal emotions. These disorders were previously described as neuroses (neurotic conditions)
    “Severe Mental Health Disorders” - Psychoses (Psychotic conditions); where the symptoms affect the sufferer’s perception of reality, meaning they are often unaware of their altered behaviours
  52. 52Examples of Common Mental Health DisordersDepression (including Postnatal Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder)
    • Generalised Anxiety Disorder
    • Panic Disorder, Phobias
    • Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
    • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  53. 53Examples of severe mental health disorders• Bi-polar Disorder (Previously called Manic Depression)
    • Psychosis
    • Schizophrenia
    • Schizoaffective Disorder
    • Puerperal Psychosis
    • Dementia
  54. 54Symptoms of mental health disorders• Difficulty Sleeping
    • Low Mood/Feeling Sad/Excessive T earfulness
    • Hallucinating/Hearing Voices
    • Low Self-esteem
    • Mood Swings
    • Negative Thinking
    • Self-harm
    • Suicidal Thoughts
    • Fatigue/Lack of energy
    • Lack of interest or enjoyment in life
  55. 55A group of similar cells gathered together is called __________, examples.Tissue. Bone, muscle and fat.
  56. 56Different kinds of tissue working together in the same place may form an ____________ , examples.organ for example the heart, lungs, skin and brain.
  57. 57several organs can work together to form a _________, examples.system, such as the digestive, reproductive, respiratory and nervous systems.
  58. 58All of the work done inside a cell is reliant on ________ which are _______________________Enzymes
    substances that allow
    the cell to carry out chemical reactions very quickly.
  59. 59New lumps in the body are often calledTumours.
  60. 60What is a benign tumourtumours that grow, but do not spread to other parts of the body. May not need treatment at all.
  61. 61What is a malignant tumourtumours do spread to other parts of the body.
    can be referred to as cancer.
  62. 62How is cancer treatedIn addition to surgery, cancer is often treated by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
  63. 63What is chemotherapya drug treatment which is used to try and kill cancer cells or stop them spreading. Because chemotherapy drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream, they travel around the body and can attack cancer cells regardless of where they find them.
  64. 64What is radiotherapyRadiotherapy uses x-rays (radiation) to destroy cancer cells. It can only be given to small areas of the body or it will cause damage to many healthy cells.
  65. 65What are the different systems in the body?- Cardiovascular
    - Nervous
    - Respiratory
    - Digestive
    - Skeletal and Muscular
    - Immune and Lymphatic
    - Endocrine
    - Urinary
    - Reproductive
  66. 66What does the cardiovascular system consist ofHeart (Cardio)
    Blood and Blood Vessels (Vascular)
  67. 67Where does the heart lieBehind the rib cage between the lungs
  68. 68What is the heart and its functionIt is the pump that moves blood around the system.
  69. 69How many litres of blood does a typical body have4-5 Litres
  70. 70What are three main types of blood vesselsArteries, Veins and Capillaries
  71. 71Arteries carry blood ______________ from the heartAway
  72. 72Veins carry blood ___________ the heartTo
  73. 73What do the capillaries doThe capillaries are the vital bits in the middle where the oxygen in the blood and the food for the body tissues is delivered. It is in these tiny blood vessels that the blood also collects the waste products from the cells and takes it away for ‘recycling’ or disposal.
  74. 74How does oxygen get into the bloodWhen you breathe in, air is sucked into your lungs. As well as going round the rest of the body, blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs, to collect the vital oxygen from the air you have inhaled. This oxygen-rich blood travels back to the heart before it is pumped through arteries which gradually divide into the tiny capillaries. In the capillaries, the nutrients from our food and oxygen from the air we breathe are released into all the cells in the body.
  75. 75What is carbon dioxideone of the main waste products from cells and in the capillaries this is swapped from the oxygen in the fresh blood arriving from the heart. The then oxygen-depleted blood, with its waste carbon dioxide, is then carried back to the heart, and the cycle begins again.
  76. 76What is the largest artery in the bodyIt is connected directly to the heart - Aorta.
  77. 77How does blood in the arteries travelBecause the heart is a pump and arteries carry blood directly away from the heart, blood in them travels in spurts or surges with every heartbeat.
  78. 78How do we calculate the pulse rateIf we count the number of these surges or spurts in an artery we call it taking the pulse rate.
  79. 79How does blood in the veins travelthe veins are more like slow moving canals collecting blood from the capillaries. Unlike arteries, the veins are not under pressure and do not have a pulse. bleeding from a cut vein tends to be more of an ooze.
  80. 80What is compensationWhen someone loses blood, various complex mechanisms in the body come into effect, which help to try and make up or compensate for the blood lost. If only a small amount of blood is lost, either internally or externally, the body needs to do very little in order to compensate. However if a larger amount is lost, the body will need to do more in order to try and ensure adequate circulation around the body. This may include the diversion of blood away from the skin to major organs such as the brain. However if a large volume of blood is lost over a short period of time, the body may find it impossible to compensate and the situation may become life-threatening.
  81. 81What are palpitations? How would people describe them?This term is used when someone experiences the sensation of their heart beating irregularly or more rapidly or forcefully than it should. It could also mean the heart is beating slower or differently from normal.
    “thudding”, “racing”, “fluttering” or “missing a beat”.
  82. 82What is the main symptom of coronary heart diseaseAngina
  83. 83What is angina caused by?lack of oxygen reaching the heart muscle because of poor blood flow.
  84. 84How may people describe anginaas a feeling of heaviness, pressure, tightness or pain in the centre of the chest that may spread to, or just affect the arms, neck, jaw, face, back or abdomen.
  85. 85When will angina sufferers experience their symptoms/pain? when will the symptoms go away?during exertion, for example when climbing stairs or playing sports. It can also come on in cold weather, after a heavy meal or during times of stress. Usually it goes away once the person rests or takes their angina medication.
  86. 86What happens if a person's angina does not go away when they take their medication or if it comes back after a short period of time?Serious risk of a heart attack
  87. 87When does a heart attack occurwhen the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is cut off, usually because of a blood clot
  88. 88What can a heart attack also be mistaken forBad indigestion
  89. 89Main symptoms of a heart attackPersistent chest pain (often described as crushing, tight, a feeling of heaviness, pressure or pain in the centre of the chest) which may spread to the arms, neck, jaw, face, back or abdomen (or may just affect these areas in isolation). Unlike angina, this doesn’t go away when the person rests.
    • Breathlessness or gasping for air
    • Faintness, dizziness or collapse
    • Sweating
    • A sense that something is seriously wrong (“impending sense of
    doom”)
    • Nausea
    • Grey/pale skin and blue tinge around the mouth
    • A rapid, weak or irregular pulse
  90. 90What happens when the blood supply is cut off for a long time during a heart attackthe muscle cells die due to a lack of oxygen. If enough cells die, the heart cannot function and stops beating altogether. Often however, only a small part of heart muscle dies and the rest of the heart muscle compensates so the person recovers. Drugs such as aspirin and medications that dissolve the clot are used to limit the amount of muscle damage. The quicker these are given, the more likely it is that the heart will recover.
  91. 91What is an aneurysma bulging, weakened area in an artery wall.
  92. 92How is an aneurysm causedThe force of blood pushing against a damaged area can cause an aneurysm. The bulge can be small and spherical, like a berry, or it can be larger and more balloon-like.
  93. 93Where can aneurysms occurAneurysms can occur in any artery,
    but they are most common in the aorta and the arteries in the brain.
  94. 94What is the most common aneurysmabdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA’s) are by far the most common
  95. 95What is the name of an aneurysm that occurs in the part of aorta that runs through the chestthoracic aortic aneurysms
  96. 96What is the most common cause of aortic aneurysmAtherosclerosis
  97. 97What is AtherosclerosisThis is
    where fatty deposits are laid down in the walls of arteries making them weaker.
  98. 98Risk factors for Atherosclerosissmoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and a family history of cardiovascular disease. There is also a familiar tendency to developing aortic aneurysms. Individuals with a close relative who have an aortic aneurysm have a higher risk of developing on themselves.
  99. 99What diseases can increase the risk of aortic aneurysmsThis includes genetic conditions such as Marfans Syndrome.
  100. 100Do aortic aneurysms cause symptoms?Most aortic aneurysms don’t cause symptoms so many people don’t even know they have one. In fact most are diagnosed during tests performed for other reasons. People will be aware if they have been diagnosed with an aneurysm.
  101. 101What happens if an aortic aneurysm dissects or ruptures completelya very large amount of blood can be lost from circulation very quickly. This internal bleeding deprives essential organs of blood which if not treated very promptly can lead to death.
  102. 102Common symptoms of aortic rupture or dissectionShock, as so much blood is lost very quickly. The person may be cold, grey and sweaty
    • Extreme, constant and sudden pain, often described as ripping and tearing. It can occur in the chest, back, abdomen or flank and may radiate to other areas e.g. the groin, buttocks,
    arms or legs.
    • Nausea or vomiting
    • In some cases, little or no pain but a sense that something is very wrong
  103. 103What is the nervous system responsible forControlling the processes of the body
  104. 104what are the 2 main parts to the nervous systemthe central nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system consisting or the nerves which connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
  105. 105What is the autonomic (involuntary) nervous systemcontrols body functions such as digestion and breathing.
  106. 106What does the brain appear and feel likeIt is wrinkled and
    has the consistency of blancmange.
  107. 107Protection of the brainThree tough membranes which surround the brain
    • A clear fluid between the brain and meninges called cerebrospinal fluid. This cushions the brain and provides it with energy and
    protects it against infection.
    • The bony case of the skull
  108. 108If fully conscious what are the signswe are alert and aware of what is going on around us,
  109. 109When a person is unconscious what happens?it is impossible to rouse (wake) them.
  110. 110What could happen if consciousness is impaired? Why?basic survival mechanisms such as the ability to keep the airway open may not function.This is because of a lack of muscle control which allows the tongue to fall back, blocking the airway. When this happens, breathing becomes laboured and noisy or may become impossible.
  111. 111Impaired consciousness is .......... What signs may you see?the term used to describe a situation where a person is anything less than fully conscious.
    uncoordinated, drowsy, confused, slow to respond or have difficulty speaking.
  112. 112What is a fit?Fits usually consist of involuntary spasms of many muscles in the body caused by a disturbance in the brain’s electrical activity.
  113. 113What do fits usually result inloss or impairment of consciousness and so it is vitally important that the person’s airway is protected.
  114. 114What are common causes of a fitepilepsy. If a person suffers from epilepsy they may have treatment which can be administered into the rectum during a fit. Other causes of fits include a high fever, head injury, infections affecting the central nervous system, lack of oxygen or glucose to the brain and poisoning.
  115. 115What is an auradistinctive feelings or warning signs that a seizure is on its way.
    can include: feeling that the outside world has suddenly become unreal or dreamlike; stopping talking in the middle of a sentence or appearing to drift off.
    Although this warning cannot prevent the seizure, it can give time to warn people around them and make sure they are in a safe place.
  116. 116What is dizzinessa feeling of unsteadiness or light headedness which you have probably experienced yourself at some time.
  117. 117What is vertigoIt is a specific medical term used to describe the sensation of spinning or having the room spinning about you.
  118. 118What is vertigo normally associated withNausea and vomiting
  119. 119What is a fainta sudden, temporary loss of consciousness
  120. 120What is a faint caused bya reduction in blood flow to the brain and, therefore, a lack of oxygen and glucose causing the person to collapse and fall to the ground.
  121. 121What must you do if someone has faintedIf they are allowed to lie down, with their legs raised, blood flow to the brain is restored and recovery will be rapid. It is dangerous to keep a fainting person upright as it slows the return of normal circulation to the brain and prolongs the faint.
  122. 122In most cases of fainting, the person who has fainted regains consciousness within a __________________a minute or two. Anything longer is classed as a period of unconsciousness and the cause needs to be urgently established and the person treated as quickly as possible.
  123. 123When does meningitis occurwhen the meninges become inflamed.
  124. 124Common signs and symptoms of meningitis in babiesfever
    • vomiting or refusing feeds
    • very sleepy or reluctance to wake up
    • becoming irritable and not wanting to
    be held
    • ill appearance
    • becoming floppy and unresponsive, or
    stiff with jerky movements
    • unusual crying
    • pale and blotchy skin
    • Bulging fontanelle – soft spot on
    baby’s head
    • very cold hands/feet
  125. 125Common signs and symptoms of meningitis in adultsa severe headache
    • fever
    • nausea and vomiting
    • ill appearance
    • altered mental state including
    confusion, delirium, drowsiness and
    impaired consciousness
    • seizures or fits
    • being unable to tolerate bright lights
    (photophobia)
    • a stiff neck – less common in young
    children
    • a rapid breathing rate • severe muscle pain
  126. 126What else can the bacteria that cause meningitis also cause?Some bacteria that cause meningitis can also cause sepsis, which was
    previously referred to as septicaemia or blood poisoning.
  127. 127How does sepsis occur during meningitisThe bacteria enter the
    blood stream where they multiply very quickly. As meningococcal bacteria
    multiply rapidly in the bloodstream, they begin to release endotoxins (poisons)
    from their outer coating. The body’s natural defences have little effect on these
    poisons and eventually blood vessels become damaged causing blood to leak
    into the tissues under skin.
  128. 128What may the rash in sepsis look like?The rash this produces may initially look like tiny
    pinpricks anywhere on the body, it can spread quickly to resemble bruises. It is more difficult to
    see on darker skin but may be more visible of paler areas of the skin e.g. the mouth, palms, soles of feet, abdomen and under the eyelids.
  129. 129What is the glass testAnother symptom of sepsis during meningitis is This rash doesn’t fade under pressure and you will have heard of the “glass
    test” as a way of testing this.
  130. 130Should you explain the glass test ver the phonecan be difficult and time consuming to explain properly over the phone. It is also impossible to tell whether the test is being done correctly. For these reasons, callers should not be asked to perform the glass test, as this can waste valuable time and it is difficult to safely rely on results. However if the caller has already done the glass test and the rash has not faded this information must be accepted.
  131. 131What is severe illnessIllness is severe when it prevents an individual from thinking about or doing anything else.
  132. 132How can the brain be damagedDirect injuries such as a heavy blow during an assault or indirectly because blood supply to a part of the brain has been interrupted, which is commonly called a stroke
  133. 133What happens if brain cells do not get oxygen for 3-5 minutesThey begin to die
  134. 134Signs and symptoms of strokeWeakness of an arm or leg (or both) on the same side of the body ranging from total paralysis to mild clumsiness.
    • New facial weakness may also occur where one side of the face appears lopsided and drooling may occur.
    • New numbness or tingling
    • New confusion
    • New difficulty speaking
    • Headache, dizziness, unsteadiness, problems with vision, problems with swallowing
    • Loss of consciousness or difficulty breathing in severe cases
  135. 135NICE have identified certain signs that indicate a high risk of having a complication after head injury or a high risk of other serious injuries According to the NICE guidelines if any of these factors apply after a head injury, the person requires emergency transportation to the hospital in an ambulance:Unconsciousness or lack of full consciousness (e.g. problems keeping eyes open)
    • Any focal neurological deficit since the injury
    • Any suspicion of a skull fracture or penetrating head injury
    • Any seizure (‘convulsion’ or ‘fit’) since the injury
    • A high-energy head injury
    • The injured person or their carer is incapable of transporting the injured person
    safely to the hospital emergency department with the use of ambulance services (providing any other risk factor indication emergency referral is present).
  136. 136According to NICE these factors indicate that the person should be taken to the nearest Emergency Department as quickly as possible.Any loss of consciousness (‘knocked out’) as a result of the injury, from which the person has now recovered
    • Amnesia for events before or after the injury (‘problems with memory’)
    • Persistent headache since the injury
    • Any vomiting episodes since the injury
    • Any previous brain surgery
    • Any history of bleeding or clotting disorders
    • Current drug or alcohol intoxication
    • There are any safeguarding concerns (for example, possible non-accidental
    injury or a vulnerable person is affected)
    • Irritability or altered behaviour (‘easily distracted’, ‘not themselves’, ‘no
    concentration’, ‘no interest in things around them’), particularly in infants and
    children under the age of 5.
    • Continuing concern by helpline staff about the diagnosis
  137. 137The spinal cord is .......a collection of nerves, running from the brain through a channel in the backbone or spine.
    carries nerve messages between the brain and the body.
  138. 138What does carrying nerve messages allow the brain to doControl involuntary body processes e.g. breathing and digestion and to coordinate our movement.
  139. 139The nerves branching off from the pinal cord is part of the ............ which ............................peripheral nervous system
    carry information from the spinal cord to the rest of the body and from the body to the spinal cord, as nerve impulses.
  140. 140How is the spinal cord protectedby the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
  141. 141What happens if the spinal cord does get injuredif the spinal cord is completely severed the sections below the injury will be cut off from the brain. This mean all nerves, and the parts of the body served by these nerves, will be disconnected from the brain and will stop functioning.
  142. 142The respiratory system is situate where? What is it responsible for?The chest
    The exchange of gases to and from our body
  143. 143how does air enter the respiratory systemwe breathe in about 20 times a minute, with the help of a muscle called the
    diaphragm and other muscles in the chest and abdomen. Movement of these muscles results in pressure changes inside the lungs. When the diaphragm pulls down, it leaves more space for the lungs to expand and lowers the internal pressure. This results in air being sucked in which inflates the lungs.
    When the diaphragm pushes up, the space inside the chest gets smaller and the pressure rises. This pushes air out of the lungs. When we breathe in, air enters the nose, where hairs and mucous filter and warm it. It continues down through the back of the throat into a tube called the trachea. This is also known as the airway. The trachea branches into two tubes that enter the lungs.
    These divide into even smaller tubes, which end in air sacs called alveoli. Oxygen passes through the walls of the air sacs and enters the blood stream. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and exhaled.
  144. 144How are things kept moving smoothly in respiratory systemlungs are covered by two slippery layers of membrane called pleural membranes
  145. 145What can happen to pleural membranescan become inflamed. This is usually due to infection. When this happens the membranes rub together producing a sharp pain, which is worse when the person breathes in or coughs.
  146. 146What is the question that links with the pleural membranehere is a question within the system which asks about “a sharp stabbing pain in the chest when coughing or taking a deep breath in?
  147. 147Where is the trachea locatedat the front of the throat
  148. 148Where is the oesophagus locatedAt the backof the throat
  149. 149What does it mean having the trachea and oesophagus located in the front and back of the throatThis means that when we eat, food needs to move across the opening of our airway. To stop food entering, there is a small flap called the epiglottis across the opening of the trachea, which flops down to cover it when we swallow.
    We have all had the experience of something “going down the wrong way” when we swallow something too quickly. This happens when the epiglottis doesn’t have time to flop down and food or drink enters the airway. When this happens we cough automatically which usually clears it.
  150. 150What could happen if an object is big enough and goes down the throatit can completely block the airway. If this happens the person is said to be choking, which is an emergency situation. If the blockage partially obstructs the airway, the person will have difficulty breathing and speaking, will cough and be very distressed. A complete obstruction of the airway makes it impossible to speak, breathe or cough and the person will eventually lose consciousness if the blockage remains.
  151. 151What is breathlessnessthe feeling of having to work harder than normal to get air in and out of the lungs
  152. 152What could severe breathing problems include ? Speech“gasping for breath”, “unable to speak properly”, “wheezing badly” or “croaking when they breathe”.
  153. 153What could mild breathlessness say“a bit out of breath” or “breathing more quickly than usual”
  154. 154Common indicators of breathing difficultiesGasping for breath
    • Unable to talk in full sentences
    • Wheezing
    • Noisy breathing
    • Visibly struggling to breathe
    • Blue tinge around mouth and nose (cyanosis)
    • Rapid breathing
    • May want to be outside (fresh air)
    • Mild breathlessness
  155. 155Common indicators of breathing difficulties in infantsChest and upper tummy being sucked in with every breath
    • Head bobbing up and down when breathing
    • Making grunting noise with every breath
    • Unable to cry properly
  156. 156Causes of breathing problemsObstruction of the air passages of the nose, mouth, or throat can cause problems, as well as problems affecting the airways and lungs, such as infection, severe allergies (see immune system section) and conditions like asthma. Problems with other parts of the body such as the heart or kidneys can also cause breathlessness, as can being very overweight. Emotional factors such as panic attacks can cause shortness of breath. The inhalation of gases (such as carbon monoxide) smoke or toxic vapours can affect breathing and prove fatal
  157. 157Neck breathing tube aka????Tracheostomy and Laryngectomy
  158. 158What is the most common disorder that affects the respiratory systemAsthma
  159. 159What is asthmanflammation and narrowing of
    the airways. This makes it more difficult for air to pass through, resulting in the
    characteristic wheezing sound.
  160. 160What is wheezingWheezing is a whistling or musical sound that
    comes from inside the chest when a person breathes.
  161. 161Signs and symptoms of asthmaAside from wheezing and
    shortness of breath, asthma can also cause a feeling of tightness in the chest or
    a cough.
  162. 162Injuries to the chest can also cause __________ ____________Breathing problems
  163. 163Both _______ and _______ injuries can cause damage to the lung of pleural membranesblunt and penetrating
  164. 164How does a penetrating wound cause damage to the lungA penetrating wound can stop the chest moving air properly. Penetrating chest wounds or blast injuries can also allow air to enter into the space between the pleural membranes (pleural cavity) causing a pneumothorax. This then puts the pressure on the lung, which can cause a collapsed lung. This condition can also occur due to underlying lung disease.
  165. 165Signs and symptoms of underlying lung disease (pneumothorax)sharp chest pain, breathlessness, blue discolouration to the skin, anxiety and sometimes a crackly feeling under the skin of the chest. The crackly feeling, which feels a bit like bubble-wrap being popped, is due to air from the lungs leaking under the skin.
  166. 166Sometimes an injury can cause blood to collect in the ________ ________ aka ?????pleural cavity
    haemothorax
  167. 167Signs and symptoms of haemothoraxchest pain, difficulty breathing, unequal chest expansion and ultimately shock.
  168. 168What is drowningsuffocation from being submerged in water is, by definition, fatal.
  169. 169What happens on immersion in cold waterthe body responds by slowing the heart, reducing respiration and a dramatic change in circulation with blood going only to vital organs.
  170. 170What should you do if someone calls with. near drowning incident but seem unharmdif water has entered
    the lungs it can cause irritation and swelling which may later prove fatal. Must still assess.
  171. 171What is COPDChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term for a number of conditions where there is damage and inflammation to the lung.
  172. 172Main cause of copdThe main cause of COPD is smoking but people with severe asthma can also develop the condition. Long-term exposure to pollution is also a cause.
  173. 173Symptoms of COPDwheezing and breathlessness, chest tightness, a cough and increased phlegm production.
  174. 174What is the digestive systemconsists of a number of hollow organs that form a continuous passage from mouth to anus. This tube is also called the digestive tract. The purpose of this system is to breakdown food so that it can be used by cells for energy, growth, and repair.
  175. 175How does the digestive system workafter food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the food pipe or oesophagus into the stomach. At the opening of the stomach there is a valve designed to seal off the stomach. As food approaches the stomach the valve opens and food enters. Here it is broken down by powerful stomach acids. Once it has become the consistency of thick soup it travels into the small intestine. In this part of the system food is reduced to tiny particles and the nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream. Anything that has not been absorbed into the bloodstream travels into the large intestine where any remaining nutrients and water can be absorbed by the
    body. Anything left over that the body cannot digest is stored in the rectum
    as the waste product, faeces, until this is expelled by a bowel movement.
  176. 176How is movement controlled in thedigestive systemMovement through the system is controlled by muscles. These muscles
    can push food along the system or swill it around, to mix with digestive
    juices. So, for example once we have swallowed some food, involuntary muscle movements in the oesophagus push it into our stomach. Once in the stomach, food is moved backwards and forwards so that it mixes with the strong acid produced there, which helps with digestions.
  177. 177Common symptom in digestive systemabdominal pain in both adults and children.
  178. 178Is all pain in the abdomen regarding the digestive systemNot all pain in this area is caused by a condition affecting the digestive system. For
    example the pain of a heart attack can be felt in the abdomen. Another example is the severe ripping or tearing pain that is felt in the abdomen when the aorta (the main artery from the heart) splits.
  179. 179Other common symptoms aside from abdominal pain in the digestive systemvomiting and diarrhoea
  180. 180Causes of vomitingnfections causes by viruses, bacteria and other bugs, excessive consumption of alcohol, morning sickness, motion sickness, inflammation of the stomach lining and reactions to medications. Less common causes include kidney disease, cancer, and obstruction of the intestine, a head injury, diabetes and appendicitis.
  181. 181What is diarrhoea? How does it occurwhen a person passes frequent loose or watery stools. As food passes through our system, water and any remaining nutrients are absorbed into the body through the walls of the large intestine. If this process is speeded up, less fluid, vitamins, minerals and salts are absorbed back into the body, resulting in these being passed in faeces. Like vomiting, diarrhoea has many causes most of which are not serious. Anything that irritates the intestine and speeds up the passage of food can cause diarrhoea.
  182. 182What is the most common cause os The most common cause is an infection caused by a virus, bacteria or other bug. . diarrhoeaThe most common cause is an infection caused by a virus, bacteria or other bug. Some people are sensitive to certain foods, which may lead to diarrhoea. Some medications, such as antibiotics and laxatives may also cause the symptom. Stress can lead to diarrhoea due to the effects of adrenaline, a hormone which speeds up body processes.
  183. 183What vomiting and diarrhoea lead to? What should you do?dehydration more quickly than if the person is suffering from either symptom alone. Anything more than mild dehydration means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. It is particularly dangerous in children and the elderly, and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems.
  184. 184wHAT IS A LESS COMMON SITUATION in the digestive systemwhere someone is experiencing bleeding from somewhere in their digestive system.
  185. 185What does blood lost from the upper digestive tract look likemake the stool appear black and like tar. This is because the blood has travelled through most of the digestive tract and has been exposed to digestive juices. This is different to a normal motion that may simply be dark in colour.
  186. 186what does bleeding lower down in the digestive tract look likered or the person may pass blood straight into the toilet.
  187. 187What could happen if a person experiences bleeding high up in the digestive tract What does this look like? Why?May vomit or bring up blood
    This may appear bright red or have lots of dark brown bits in it resembling soil or coffee-grounds.
    This is because the blood reacts on contact with stomach acid.
  188. 188What is a stomaa surgically created opening of the bowel or urinary tract onto the abdomen to collect waste (either faeces or urine).
  189. 189where do stomas to collect faeces connectto the intestine and are usually formed to take pressure off an area further down the bowel or to collect faeces if the lower bowel has been removed.
  190. 190where do stomas to collect urine connectto the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder)
  191. 191What are problems that might occur with the stomapain, bleeding, restricted circulation which can be indicated by the stoma changing colour, constipation, diarrhoea, smells or problems with the surrounding skin.
  192. 192what is a jejunostomyused for feeding directly into the bowel
  193. 193what is a gastrostomya stoma that allows feeding directly into the stomach.
  194. 194what is the skeletal system mad eup ofbones, ligaments and tendons.
  195. 195function of skeletal and muscular systemsgives the body shape by forming a framework under the skin and protects organs such as the heart, lungs, and brain. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move at the joints.
  196. 196How are bones linked togetherBones are linked together at joints by tough strap-like structures called ligaments. The bones at a joint do not touch each other directly but are cushioned by cartilage and fluid.
  197. 197How does the muscular system work with the skeletal systemThe muscular system is made up of tissues that work with the skeletal system to control body movements.
  198. 198How are muscles attached to bonesby fibrous cords called tendons.
  199. 199What are voluntary musclesSome muscles, like the ones in your legs are voluntary, meaning that you decide when to move them.
  200. 200what are involuntary musclesOther muscles, like the ones in your digestive and cardiovascular systems are involuntary. This means that they are controlled automatically and you often don’t even know they’re at work.

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Flashcards on NHS - EXAM 1, created by Aira Manguiat on 05/07/2020.
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