2417224
Description
Flashcards by Haley Cordova, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Haley Cordova
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the stage model of memory? | Memory involves three stages: Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Information is "transferred" from one stage to the next. |
| What is memory? | Mental processes that enable you to retain and retrieve information over time |
| What is encoding? | The process of transforming information into a form that can be entered into and stored by the memory system |
| What is Storage? | The process of retaining info in memory so that it can be used at a later time |
| What is retrieval? | Process of recovering info stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it |
| What is sensory memory? | Stage of memory that registers information from the environment and holds it for a BRIEF period of time (~3 seconds) |
| What is short-term memory? | The active stage of memory in which information is stored for up to ~20 seconds (Long enough to remember the phone number so you can dial it) |
| What is long-term memory? | Stage of memory that represents the long-term storage of memory - potentially for a lifetime. Info can flow from short-term to long-term and vice versa. |
| What is the significance of Hermann Ebbinghaus' research? | Demonstrated the basic pattern of forgetting in the FORGETTING CURVE; relatively rapid loss of some info, followed by stable memories of the retaining info. |
| What is maintenance rehearsal? | Mental or verbal repetition of info in order to maintain it beyond the usual 20-second duration of short-term memory |
| What is working memory? | The temporary storage and active, conscious manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving. |
| What is elaborative rehearsal? | Rehearsal that involves focusing on the meaning of info to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory. (Rather than simply repeating, you elaborate on the info in a meaningful way) |
| What is procedural memory? | Category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills, operations, and actions |
| What is episodic memory? | Category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events |
| What is semantic memory? | Category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge, concepts, facts, and names. |
| What is explicit memory? | Info or knowledge that can be consciously recalled (declarative memory) |
| What is implicit memory? | Info or knowledge that affects behavior or task performance, but cannot be consciously recollected (Non-declarative memory) (You know where the letters are in order to type, but you could not recall them to recite them in order) |
| What is clustering? | Organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory |
| What is the TOT experience? | Tip-of-tongue experience; memory phenomenon that involves the sensation of knowing that specific info is stored in long-term memory, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it |
| What is retrieval? | Process of accessing stored information |
| What is a retrieval cue? | A clue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of a given piece of info stored in long-term memory |
| Retrieval cue failure? | Inability to recall long-term information because of inadequate or missing retrieval cues |
| What is recall? | Test of long-term memory that involves retrieving information without the aid of retrieval cues (AKA free recall) |
| What is a cued recall? | Test of long-term memory that involves remembering an item of info in response to a retrieval cue |
| What is recognition? | Test of long-term memory that involves identifying the correct information out of several possible choices (Multiple choice test) |
| What is the serial position effect? | Tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle |
| What is the encoding specificity principle? | Principle that when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information encoding, retrieval is more likely to be successful (If you learn it in the library, you are more likely to remember it while you're in the library) |
| What is the context effect? | Tendency to recover info more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting (If you learn it in the setting of the library, you are more likely to remember it in the setting of the library) |
| What is mood congruence? | Idea that a given mood tends to evoke memories that are consistent with that mood (When you're in a positive mood, you're more likely to remember positive memories and vice versa) |
| What is a flashbulb memory? | The recall of very specific images or details surrounding a vivid, rare, or significant personal event; details may or may not be accurate |
| How is a flashbulb memory different than an ordinary memory? | Although flashbulb and ordinary memories have the same level of inconsistencies upon recall, flashbulb memories are perceived to be vivid and accurate. |
| What is encoding failure? | Inability to recall specific info because of insufficient encoding of the info for storage in long-term memory (I.e. you never encoded the information into long-term memory in the first place) |
| What is prospective memory? | Remembering to do something in the future (Something you're not very good at, Becky) |
| What is the decay theory? | Forgetting is due to normal metabolic processes that occur in the brain over time |
| What is the interference theory? | Forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another |
| What are the two types of motivated forgetting? | Suppression and repression |
| What is the difference between suppression and repression? | Suppression is motivated forgetting that occurs CONSCIOUSLY (You deliberately attempt to not think about/remember the information) Repression is motivated forgetting that occurs UNCONSCIOUSLY (The memory is blocked and unavailable to the consciousness) |
| What was Elizabeth Loftus' main research about? | Memory distortions; Memory can be changed over time, details can be added, subtracted, exaggerated, or downplayed. Confidence in a memory is no guarantee of accuracy |
| What is the misinformation effect? | A person's existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information |
| What is source confusion? | The true source of the memory is forgotten |
| What is a schema? | An organized cluster of info about a particular topic (Schema for phone includes cordless, wireless, and cell phones. When you hear about smart phone you can integrate it into what you already know about phones and add information onto that) |
| What is a script? | A schema for the typical SEQUENCE of an everyday event (Typical sequences of behaviors that occur when you go to the movies, eat at a restaurant, etc) |
| What is imagination inflation? | Vividly imagining an event increases confidence that the event actually occurred. |
| What did Karl Lashley's research involve and why did it ultimately fail? | - Searched for LOCALIZED memory trace or engram - Taught rats to run a maze and then removed parts of their brains to try to find what part the memory was stored in - Discovered that memory is distributed throughout the brain, not in a specific area |
| What did Richard Thompson's research involve? | -Continued Lashley's search for the location of a memory trace - Taught a rabbit to blink at the sound of a tone by playing sound and then shooting a puff of air into its eyes until the response became automatic - Found that memory for simple conditioned responses was localized to the cerebellum |
| What was the implication of Lashley and Thompson's combined research? | Memory has the potential to be localized AND distributed |
| What is long-term potentiation? | Long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons Achieved by increasing the amount of neurotransmitters produced by the neuron, and increasing the number of branches and synapses between neurons |
| What is retrograde amnesia? | Loss of memory, especially for episodic memory (Unable to remember some or all of the past) |
| What is memory consolidation? | Gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories to stable, enduring memory codes (You have to let the Jello sit in the mold and stiffen/set) |
| What is anterograde amnesia? | Inability to form new memories |
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