24529605
Description
Flashcards by Athena Blair, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Athena Blair
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Synthetic routes (# means edit) | Aliphatic (Write about the reaction in detail later) |
| Alkanes can be converted to: | Halogenoalkane Short chain Alkenes and Alkanes (Cracking) Branched and Cyclic alkanes (Reforming) Combustion |
| Alkanes to Alkenes | Cracking: Conversion of large hydrocarbons to smaller molecules by breakage of C-C bonds High Mr Alkanes = smaller Mr Alkanes+ Alkenes + (hydrogen) |
| Alkanes to Halogenoalkanes | Reagent: Bromine/Chlorine Conditions: UV light Type of reaction: Free radical Substitution |
| Alkanes (Reforming) |
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| Alkanes (Combustion) |
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| Alkenes can be converted to: | Alkane Alcohol Diol Halogenoalkane Dihalogenoalkane Polyalkane |
| Alkene to Alkane | Reagent: Hydrogen Conditions: Nickel Catalyst Type of reaction: Addition/Reduction |
| Alkene to Alcohol | (Hydration) High temperature 300 to 600°C High pressure 70 atm Catalyst of concentrated H3PO4 CH2=CH2 (g) + H2O (g) ---> CH3CH2OH (l) |
| Alkene to Diol | Reagent: KMnO4 in an acidified solution Conditions: Room temperature Type of reaction: Oxidation Observation: purple colour of MnO4- ion will decolourise to colourless |
| Alkene to Halogenoalkane | Reagent: HCl or HBr Conditions: Room temperature Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Type of reagent: Electrophile, H+ Type of Bond Fission: Heterolytic |
| Alkene to Dihalogenoalkane | Reagent: Bromine (dissolved in organic solvent) Conditions: Room temperature (not in UV light) Mechanism: Electrophilic Addition Type of reagent: Electrophile, Br+ Type of Bond Fission: Heterolytic |
| Alkene to Polyalkene |
-High pressure
-Catalyst
-Addition Polymerization
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| Dihalogenoalkane can be converted to: | Diol Reagent: potassium (or sodium) hydroxide Conditions: In aqueous solution; Heat under reflux Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Role of reagent: Nucleophile, OH- |
| Halogenoalkane can be converted to: | Alcohol Amine Nitrile Alkenes |
| Halogenoalkane to Alcohol | Reagent: potassium (or sodium) hydroxide Conditions: In aqueous solution; Heat under reflux Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Role of reagent: Nucleophile, OH- |
| Halogenoalkane to Alkene | Reagents: Potassium (or sodium) hydroxide Conditions: In ethanol ; Heat Mechanism: Elimination Role of reagent: Base, OH- |
| Halogenoalkane to Amine | Reagent: NH3 dissolved in ethanol Conditions: Heating under pressure in a sealed tube Mechanism: Nucleophilic Substitution Type of reagent: Nucleophile, :NH3 |
| Halogenoalkane to Nitrile | -Ethanol and CN− -Nucleophilic substitution ##### |
| Alcohol can be converted to: | Carbonyls and Carboxylic acids Halogenoalkane Alkene Ester Combustion |
| Alcohol to Carbonyls | Reaction: primary alcohol -> aldehyde Reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid. Conditions: (use a limited amount of dichromate) warm gently and distil out the aldehyde as it forms Reaction: secondary alcohol -> ketone Reagent: potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid. Conditions: heat under reflux |
| Alcohol to Halogenoalkane ### |
-PCl5, NaBr/H2SO4 , P+I2
-Heat under Reflux
-Substitution
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| Alcohol to Carboxylic Acids | Reagent: potassium dichromate(VI) solution and dilutesulphuric acid Conditions: use an excess of dichromate, and heat under reflux: (distill off product after the reaction has finished) |
| Alcohol to Alkene | Reagents: Concentrated Phosphoric acid Conditions: warm (under reflux) Role of reagent: dehydrating agent/catalyst Type of reaction: acid catalysed elimination |
| Alcohol to Ester | Reagent: Carboxylic acid Acid Catalyst: H2SO4 Condition- Heat under reflux Type of reaction -Esterification |
| Alcohol (Combustion) | Alcohols combust with a clean flame CH3CH2OH + 3O2 -> 2CO2 + 3H2O |
| Carbonyls (Aldehydes and Ketones) can be converted to | Alcohol Hydroxynitrile Aldehyde only can be converted to Carboxylic acid |
| Carbonyls to Alcohol | Reagents: LiAlH4 In dry ether Conditions: Room temp. and pressure Type of reaction: Reduction Role of reagent: Reducing agent Aldehydes will be reduced to primary alcohols. Ketones will be reduced to secondary alcohols |
| Carbonyls to Hydroxynitrile | Reaction: carbonyl hydroxynitrile Reagent: HCN in presence of KCN Conditions: Room temperature and pressure Mechanism: nucleophilic addition |
| Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid | Reagent: potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid. Conditions: heat under reflux Observation: the orange dichromate ion ([Cr2O7]2-) reduces to the green Cr 3+ ion |
| Carboxylic acid can be converted to | Alcohol Acyl chloride Ester Salt and inorganic products Aldehydes and then primary alcohols### |
| Carboxylic acid to Alcohol | Reagents: LiAlH4 In dry ether Conditions: Room temperature and pressure Type of reaction: Reduction Role of reagent: Reducing agent |
| Carboxylic acid to Acyl Chloride | Reagent: PCl5 phosphorous(v)chloride Conditions: room temp |
| Carboxylic acid to Salt and inorganic products | Salt formation reactions of carboxylic acids =>acid + metal (Na) -> salt + hydrogen =>acid + alkali (NaOH) -> salt + water =>acid + carbonate (Na2CO3) --> salt + water + CO2 |
| Carboxylic acid to Ester | Reagent: Alcohol Acid Catalyst: H2SO4 Condition- Heat under reflux Type of reaction -Esterification |
| Acyl Chloride can be converted to | Carboxylic acid Carboxylate salt### Ester Primary Amide Secondary Amide |
| Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic acid | Reagent: water Conditions: room temp. |
| Acyl Chloride to Ester | Reagent: alcohol Conditions: room temp. |
| Acyl Chloride to Primary Amide | Reagent: ammonia Conditions: room temp. |
| Acyl Chloride to Secondary Amide | Reagent: primary amine Conditions: room temp. |
| Amine can be converted to | Secondary Amine, Tertiary Amine Salt Secondary Amide |
| Amines to Salt | Amines as bases react with acids to form ammonium salts. CH3NH2 (aq) +HCl (aq) -> CH3NH3 +Cl- (aq) {Methylamine} {methylammonium chloride} 2CH3NH2 (aq) +H2SO4 (aq) -->(CH3NH3+)2SO42- (aq) |
| Amine to Secondary Amine/Tertiary Amine ### | -Haloalkane -Nucleophilic substitution |
| Amine to Secondary Amide | Change in functional group: acyl chloride secondary amide Reagent: primary amine*** Conditions: room temp. Forming Amides: Aliphatic amines and phenylamine can react with acyl chlorides to form amides in a **nucleophilic addition- elimination reaction** |
| Nitrile can be converted to | Amine Carboxylic acid Carboxylate salt## |
| Nitrile to Carboxylate Salt ### | .... |
| Nitrile to Amine |
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| Nitrile to Carboxylic acid | -Acid Hydrolysis Reagent: dilute hydrochloric/ sulphuric acid. Conditions: heat under reflux CH3CH2CN + H+ + 2H2O -> CH3CH2COOH + NH4+ |
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