Flashcards
Psychology - Attachment
Cards in this deck (50)
- 1Describe the social learning theory?Bandura 1977, observation and imitation of role models, vicarious learning - through role models getting rewards, social facilitation - parents helping them in social situations, direct instruction - learn through being told what to do
- 2How would you evaluate the social learning theory?+ Provides an adequate explanation of how attachments form as we do learn through association and reinforcement
- Reductionist, ignores all factors that affect attachment and just focuses on behaviour not biology - 3Describe Harlow's monkeys experiment?IV - cloth/wire mothers, DV - monkeys reaction to fear
Findings - 1 monkey went to wire mother for food then cloth mother for comfort. Fearful situation = 1 monkey ran straight to cloth mother, and the other stayed in corner and rocked by itself - 4What was the conclusion of the Harlow's monkeys experiment?Monkeys preferred nurture over food, and monkeys with no other substitute for a mother were unable to form attachment, therefore indicating that there is a critical period
- 5How would you evaluate Harlow's monkeys experiment?- Anthropomorphic = the findings cannot be generalised to humans
- Monkeys suffered from emotional harm from being reared in isolation
+ Provided a valuable insight into the development of attachment and social behaviour - 6Describe Bowlby's attachment theory?- Child has an innate need to attach to caregivers to survive as caregiver = comfort & food
- Babies have to form attachment in critical period - 2 and a half yrs or long term issues occur
- monotropy
- internal working model - 7What are the long term consequences, according to Bowlby if a child does not form an attachment in the critical period?- Delinquency
- Reduced intelligence
- Increased aggression
- Depression
- Affectionless psychopathy - 8How would you evaluate Bowlby's theory of attachment?- Reductionist, only takes nurture into account
- Schaffer & Emmerson criticised and said attachments start at 8 months to 18 months and they can from about 5 attachments at this age
+ Harlow's monkeys supports as if they didn't form attachments they had problems in later life - 9What does the term 'attachment' mean?The formation of a strong, reciprocal emotional bond between an infant and a primary caregiver
- 10What is the difference between a bond and an attachment?A bond = one person
An attachment = two people - 11According to Maccoby (1980), what are the behaviours that indicate attachment?- Proximity seeking (especially when stressed)
- Separation distress
- Pleasure when reunited
- General orientation towards specific individual - 12What are the benefits of attachment?- Immediate - adaptive value
- Long term - romantic relationships, friendships, relationships with own children - 13Describe Lorenz' imprinting study? (geese)Split 2 groups of geese eggs, 1 hatched by mother and 1 in incubator. Ones hatched by mother followed her, ones in incubator followed Lorenz, even when separated from mother and Lorenz, the big group segregated into the one hatched by mother and incubator group, critical period is 12-17 hours.
- 14How would you evaluate Lorenz' imprinting study?+ High ecological validity - field experiment
+ Reliability - replicated several times
- Cannot be generalised to humans - anthropomorphism - 15What is classical conditioning in attachment?Pavlov - Infant learns to associate feeding/comfort with primary care/mother
- Mother acquires comforting properties by association - 16What is operant conditioning in attachment?- Infant learns that crying, smiling ect brings positive response from adults (reinforcement)
- Adult learns that responding to cries ect brings relief from noise (negative reinforcement) - 17What does it mean if a child is insecure disorganised?Lack of consistent patterns of social behaviour, therefore the child lacks a coherent strategy for dealing with the stress of separation
- 18What does it mean if a child is insecurely attached?A from of attachment that results from the lack of responsiveness from the caregiver to the infants needs. Also associated with poor cognitive and emotional development
- 19What does it mean if a child is insecure resistant?Infant seeks and rejects intimacy and social interaction. On separation there is in immediate and intense display of distress. On reunion, they may angrily resist being picked up, whilst still seeking proximity.
- 20What does it mean if a child is securely attached?Comfortable with social interaction and intimacy. Used the caregiver as a safe base from which to explore.
- 21What does it mean if a child is insecure avoidant?Anxious, children tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others. Does not show a response to separation. Does not seek proximity on the return of caregiver.
- 22What is stranger anxiety?The distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unfamiliar.
- 23Who were the participants in Ainsworth's strange situation?100 middle class American infants and their mothers
- 24What were the 4 aspects of the child's behaviour being observed in the strange situation?1) The amount of exploration
2) The child's reactions to the departure of its caregiver (separation anxiety)
3) The stranger anxiety when baby is alone with stranger
4) The child's reunion behaviour with its caregiver - 25Describe the procedure of the strange situation?Stage 1&2 - mum and infant go into rooms to get used to it before the observation begins
Stage 3 - mum is in the room and stranger enters
Stage 4 - mum leaves and the stranger interacts with the infant
Stage 5 - mum returns (reunion behaviour recorded)
Stage 6 - mum leaves and infant is left alone, separation protest is recorded
Stage 7 - instead of the mum the stranger returns, stranger anxiety behaviour recorded
Stage 8 - mum re-enters the room and stranger leaves, reunion behaviour recorded - 26What were the 3 different types of attachment found in this experiment?Secure (70%), insecure avoidant (15%) and insecure resistant (15%)
- 27What are the strengths of the strange situation experiment?+ Could measure a lot of behaviours quite quickly & easily
+ Easy to replicate, method has been employed in studies in the world over, especially in cross cultural research - 28What are the limitations of the strange situation experiment?- Not the infants normal environment so it lacks validity
- Ethical issues - infants put through distress
- Unreasonable to generalise about all infant behaviour as the findings are restricted to it's sample type (middle class americans) - 29What is an individualistic culture?More concerned with themselves. Countries that support independence eg USA, Germany
- 30What is a collectivist culture?More concerned with the group or the community than themselves. Decisions tend to be based on what is good for their family or community rather than what is good for them. Countries are more culturally close eg Japan.
- 31What is a meta-analysis?A procedure in which researchers draw together and analyse the results of many different studies that have used a similar procedure. Only uses quantitative data.
- 32Explain the findings of the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg procedure?Investigating if attachment types are universal or culturally specific -
GB = highest number of securely attached (75%)
West Germany = highest number of avoidant (35.3%)
Israel = highest resistant (28.8%) - 33What were the limitations of the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg experiment?- Ethnocentric to the US
- Culturally biased to individualistic cultures (27/32 studies carried out on Ind. cultures)
- Class of infant may affect results - 34What were the strengths of the Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg experiment?+ Explain cultural differences in child rearing
+ Large sample size
+ Secure attachments were most common in all cultures studied - 35Why might young children be separated from their caregivers?- Hospital illness
- Army
- Parents divorced
- Evacuated
- Death of parent
- Holidays
- Parents working abroad - 36What is disruption of attachments?Separated from attachment figure but attachment is formed
- 37What is privation?Where no attachment is made
- 38What are the long term effects of separation anxiety?- Extreme clinginess
- Detachment
- Demanding of the attachment figure - 39Effects of disruption of attachment, what is the PDD model?Protest - child cries, screams and protests angrily when parent leaves
Despair - child's protesting begins to stop, appear to be calmer, withdrawn and uninterested
Detachment - if separation continues the child will reject the caregiver on their return and show strong signs of anger - 40Describe the Robertson and Robertson study of John?Aged 17 months, put into residential nursery for 9 days, nurses not assigned to care for individuals, his protests were ignored, had a period of despair, nurses gave all attention they could, began to refuse food & sleep, stopped trying to be near the nurses & ignored father on nightly visits, became emotionally detached & when mother finally came he didn't want to know her
- 41What does the Robertson's study of John suggest?Children who are separated from their mothers for many days will pass through same sequence of behaviour as John. PDD model, if not attended to the child will become emotionally detached
- 42What are the strengths of the study on John?+ High ecological validity , real life events in a real life setting
+ Because research was done in a hospital and problems were found, hospital care has now improved significantly - 43What are the limitations of the study of John?- Only a few case studies therefore we cannot generalise these findings to all children
- Lack of control as it was natural experiment
- Ethnocentric - western cultured children
- Longitudinal can be good as it isn't era dependent - 44What are temperaments?Differences in babies that seem to be inbuilt and visible from birth, with a number of different aspects including activity, emotionality and sociability.
- 45What does the temperament hypothesis mean?The attachment type formed by a baby may reflect their own basic temperament rather than how sensitive their caregiver is
- 46Describe the institutionalisation experiment by Hodges and Tizard (1989)- Studied social & emotional development of 65 children who had been in residential care from a few months old
- Good quality care but carers were not allowed to form attachments
- Natural experiment, children either remained in home, adopted or restored to biological parents
- Assessed for social and emotional competence at 4, 8 and 16, also got data from questionnaires - 47What were the findings of the Hodges and Tizard experiment?4 - adopted = no attachment, bio parents - no attachment
8 - adopted = normal attachment, bio parents - poor attachment
16 - adopted = normal attachment, bio parents only 50% deeply attached - 48What was the conclusion of the Hodges and Tizard experiment?Attachments can be made after institutionalisation, but it takes a considerable amount of time (4 years for normal attachment). It takes longer for people to attach to their bio parents.
- 49What were the strengths of the Hodges and Tizard experiment into institutionalisation?+ High ecological validity as it was a real life study, and it was a natural experiment
- No demand characteristics as they are unaware they are being studied - 50What were the limitations of the Hodges and Tizard experiment?- Natural experiment so there was no control over the variables
- Difficult to replicate
- Takes time
- Expensive
- Lose samples
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- Flashcards on Psychology - Attachment, created by Molly Dawson on 08/04/2015.
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- Molly Dawson
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