Flashcards
Amniote- Lizards
Cards in this deck (39)
- 1Amniotes (Def. incl. which?)Tetrapods w/ terrestrially adapted eggs
Including
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals - 2Characteristics of Amniotes (3)-Amniote egg w/ 4 specialized membranes
-relatively impermeable skin
-rib cage ventilates the lungs - 3What are the 4 extra embryonic membranes?1) Amnion :encloses fluid that bathes and cushions embryo
2) Chorion: functions in gas exchange
3) Allantois: functions in gas exchange & stores waste produced by embryo
4) Yolk Sac: contains yolk to nourish the embryo - 4Amniotic egg as adaptation (2)-key adaptation to life on land
-eggs of most reptiles have some mammals have shell - 5What are two benefits of having an egg with a shell?1) protection against dehydration
2) reducing dependence on water for reproduction - 6T or F? Few mammals develop within the amnion of the mother's body and do not lay eggs at all.False, most mammals do this!
- 7Early Amniotes (2)-early amniotes lived in warm moist environments, and later became even more tolerant of dry conditions
-earliest were predators w/ sharp teeth and jaws - 8Reptilia (4)-includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and extinct groups (dinosaurs)
-reptiles have keratin scales that protect against water loss and injury
-fertilization occurs internally
-lay shelled eggs on land - 9Reptilia Temperature Regulation (2 types)1) Ectothermic (most reptiles)- Absorb external heat as main source of body heat. Regulate body temperature through behavioral adaptations instead of by metabolism
-reduced need for nutrients - 90% less food
2) Endothermic- (most birds) maintain body temperature through metabolism - 10Parareptiles (4)The first major group to diverge from reptiles
-resembled lizards
-had plated skin for protection from predators
-went extinct 200 mya - 11Two Diapsid Lineages-parareptiles dwindled, diapsids diversified
1) Lepidosaur Lineage: includes tuataras, lizards, snaks & extinct mososaurs (marine reptiles)
2) Archosaur Lineage: includes birds, crocodilians, pterosaurs, & dinosaurs - 12Mososaura 15 meter long reptile!
- 13Archosaur: Pterosaurs (4)-first tetrapods to exhibit flapping flight
-wings made of collagen-reinforced membrane
-wings spanned an area from a digit on the foreleg to trunk or hind leg
-some ate insects, some ate fish, others were filter-feeders - 142 groups of archosaur dinosaurs1) Ornithischians "bird-hipped"
2) Saurischians "lizard-hipped" - 15Ornithischians (3)"bird-hipped"
Herbivores w/ horned crests, armored plates, and tail clubs
-pubis runs parallel to ischium - 16Saurischians (5)"lizard-hipped" dinosaurs
-pubis points downward and at an angle to the ischium
1) Sauropods- long-necked giant herbivores
2) Theropods- bipedal carnivores like T rex
-> birds evolved from theropods - 174 things we learn from the dinosaur fossil record-many were agile, fast-moving
-showed parental care including nest-building and egg-brooding
-some lived and traveled in groups
-at least some dinosaurs were endotherms - 18When did Dinosaurs become extinct? Why do we think?By Cretaceous (~65.6 MYA)
-partly due to asteroid or comet hitting earth? - 19ExtantStill existing
- 203 groups of extend reptiles1) Turtles
2) Lepidosaurs
a) lizards
b) snakes
3) Archosaurs
a) crocodiles
b) birds - 21Reptilia: Turtles (2)-uncertain position in phylogenetic tree
-hard, box-like shell made of upper and lower shields that are fused to vertebrae, clavicles and ribs - 22Turtles: Head retraction (history, 2 evolutions of mechanisms)-earliest turtles couldn't completely retract their heads into their shells
Head retraction mechanism:
1) Pleurodires: SIDE-NECKED turtles, retract their heads horizontally
2) Cryptodires: VERTICAL-necked turtles retract their necks vertically - 23Turtle Diversity (2; comparison of 2 ex)-mostly aquatic, tend to have webbed feet for swimming
-diverse habitat (ocean -> desert!)
Sea Turtle Vs Fresh water Turtle
ST- flippers & streamlined body
-rarely leave ocean except to lay eggs
-some bask on land
WT- bask in sun
-may hibernate in mud during the winter - 24Aquatic Turtles (2 adaptations for them to remain underwater for long periods of time)1) actively pump water in and out of throat
(membrane removes OXYGEN from the water)
or
2) Actively pump water in and out of cloaca
("bum-breathers") - 25Tortoises (4)-land-dwellers primarily
-eat low-growing shrubs, grasses, and cactus
-feet = round and stumpy, adapted for land-walking
-some live in hot, dry habitats and dig burrows to avoid sun and heat exposure - 26Terrapins (4)-land and water
-prefers brackish, swampy areas of medium salinity
-strong swimmers, feet = flipper-like
-possess lachrymal salt glands to shed excess salt, so they can drink water of differing salinities - 27Brackish waterintermediate salinity water
- 28Lachrymal Salt GlandsIn Terrapins, they shed excess salt, allowing them to drink water with different salinities
- 29Turtle Shell (4)-59-61 bones, covered by plates made of keratin
-carapace (shell top) is attached to the spine
-plastron (shell bottom) is attached to the rib cage
-sense pressure and pain through shells and through leathery skin - 30Carapacetop turtle shell
- 31PlastronBottom turtle shell
- 32Turtle Feeding (4)-beaked mouth, w/o teeth
-omnivores, consume plants, insects, worms & snails
-some specialized to eat poisonous jellyfish
-some = strict herbivores - 33Turtle Eggs (6)-round or oval eggs, bury them, give no prenatal care or brooding
-NEST TEMPERATURE- determines sex
-warmer = more females
-colder = more males
-Turtle hatchlings have specialized tooth for breaking out of shell
-must find food on their own - 34Galapagos Tortoise (4)--only 15,000 remain- endangered & protected
-oldest lived to 152 years
-grow up to 5 ft long, 550 lbs
-can survive w/o eating or drinking for a year! - 35Lepidosaurs: Tuataras (what has been their main challenge, explain, and why are their populations easily desimated?) (4 total pts)-rats traveling on ships w/ humans ate their eggs, and w wiped out tuatara populations on the main island
1) tuataras are slow breedings- hard to replace eggs
2) tuataras have low genetic diversity (prone to disease)
3) tuataras compete w/ rats for the same foods - 36Lepidosaurs: Lizards & Snakes (4)-7,900 species of lizards and snakes
Lizards: range in size, 16 mm Jaragua -> 3 meter Komodo dragon
Snakes: legless lizards- retain vestiges of legs- pelvic and limb bones
-move in waves by lateral bending - 37VestigeRemains of something
- 38Komodo Dragon of Indonesia (6)-up to 3 meters in size
-preys on deer, pigs, carrion, water buffalo, humans, etc.
-waits patiently for prey to approach, then springs
-Saliva has 50 different strains of pathogenic bacteria
-prey die of blood poisoning w/i 24 hrs
-Komodo dragons track dying prey by scent - 39Australian Thorny Devil Lizard (6)-sits and waits near ant trails
-captures w/ sticky tongue
-consumes thousands of small, black ants per day
-fecal pellets = black and shiny
-moisture condense overnight in grooves on spines, so they can drink from own spines
-knob-like bump on back lets them tuck their real heads in btw legs, and appear to have a head