Flashcards
Kinesiology Chapter 2
Cards in this deck (34)
- 1Musculoskeletal Framework1. Arrangement of bones, joints, muscles
2. An anatomical lever is a bone that engages in movement when force is applied to it - 2Bone (3)1. The skeleton provides support, muscle attachment, and projection
2. The axial skeleton is the skull, ribs, sternum, and spinal column
3. the appendicular skeleton is the upper/lower extremities - 3Osteogenesis (4)1. Initial Matrix
2. Osteoblasts form bone on matrix
3. Bone forms in response to stress
4. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone in absence of stress - 4Bone Types (6)Compact
Cancellous
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular - 5Mechanical Axis of a BoneA straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end, axis may lie outside the shaft
- 6Skeletal Changes (3)1. Epiphysis is a part of bone separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage
2. epiphyseal cartilage is where growth occurs
3. when this cartilage ossifies, and closure is complete, no more growth can occur - 7Diarthrosis (characteristics)(5)1. Articular cavity
2. Ligamentous capsule
3. Synovial membrane
4. Surfaces are smooth
5. Surfaces covered with cartilage - 8Diarthrosis Classification (6)1. Irregular Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Pivot Joint
4. Condyloid Joint
5. Saddle Joint
5. Ball and socket joint - 9Irregular Jointirregular surfaces, flat or slightly curved, permits gliding movement
- 10Hinge JointConvex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits flexion and extension
- 11Pivot JointA peg-like pivot, permits rotation
- 12Condyloid Jointoval or egg-shape convex surface fits into a reciprocal concave surface, biaxial, permits flexion/extension and abduction/adduction, circumduction
- 13Saddle JointModification of condyloid, both surfaces are convex and concave, biaxial, permits flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction
- 14Ball and Socket Jointhead of bone fits into the cup of the other bone
- 15Synarthrosis Characteristics (3)1. No articular cavity, no capsule, no synovial membrane or fluid
2. in two types, bones are united by cartilage of fibrous tissue
3. third type is not a true joint, but is a ligamentous connection between bones - 16Synarthrosis Classification (3)1. Cartilaginous
2. Fibrous
3. Ligamentous - 17Ligamentous Jointtwo bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type
- 18Fibrousedges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted
- 19cartilaginous jointunited by fibrocartilage permits bending and twisting motions
- 20Joint Stability (5)1. function of joints is to provide a means of moving, or of being moved
2. secondary function is to provide stability without interfering with the desired motions
3. all joints do not have same degree of stability
4. movement is gained at the expense of stability
5. resistance to displacement - 21Factors Responsible for Joint Stability (5)1. Bony Structure
2. Ligamentous arrangement
3. Muscle Tension
4. Fascia
5. Atmospheric pressure - 22Ligamentous Arrangement (5)1. Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress-resistant, somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords
2. help maintain the relationship of bones
3. Check movement at normal limits of joint
4. Resist movements for which joint is not constructed
5. Will stretch when subject is prolonged to stress, once stress the function is affected - 23Muscular Arrangement (2)1. muscles that span joints aid in stability
2. especially when bony structure contributes little to stability - 24Fascia and Skin (4)1. fascia consists of fibrous connective tissue
2. may form thin membranes or tough, fibrous sheets
3. intense or prolonged stress may cause permanent stretch
4. iliotibial tract and thick skin covering the knee joint are examples - 25Factors Affecting ROM (3) + 21. shape of articular surfaces
2. restraining effect of ligaments
3. muscles and tendons (most important factor)
1. flexibility should not exceed the muscle's ability to maintain integrity of a joint
2. additional factors include injury/disease, gender, body build, heredity, occupation, exercise, age - 26Center of Gravityimaginary point representing the weight center of an object
- 27Line of Gravityimaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity
- 28Axes of Motion (3) + 21. Bilateral Axis
2. Anteroposterior or AP axis
3. Vertical Axis
1. rotary movement occurs in a plane and around an axis
2. Axis of movement is always at right angles to the plane in which it occurs - 29Bilateral Axisthis axis passes horizontally from side to side, it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane
- 30Anteroposterior/AP axisaxis passes horizontally from front to back, it is perpendicular to the frontal plane
- 31Vertical Axisaxis is perpendicular to the ground and horizontal plane
- 32Sagittal Plane about a Bilateral Axis (4)1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Hyperflexion
4. Hyperextension
ex. tipping head forward - 33Frontal Plane about an AP Axis(5)1. Abduction
2. Adduction
3. Lateral Flexion
4. Hyperabduction
5. Hyperadduction - 34Transverse Plane about a Vertical axis (4)1. point of reference for the upper extremities is the midpoint of the fundamental position not the anatomic position
2. Rotation left/right
3. Lateral/Medial rotation
4. Supination/Pronation
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- The Musculoskeletal system: The Skeletal Framework and its movements
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- Chad Kuehne
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