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Flashcards

Cognitive Science Exam CGSC

Brandon Telford English 360 cards

Cards in this deck (360)

  1. 1What is the system in which an agent perceives the outside world around that agentA cognitive system.
  2. 2What system requires a user input in order to work rather than seeking out information within the environment??A disembodied system.
  3. 3What system holds the belief that information is shared and distributed beyond the single individual?A distributed system.
  4. 4This type of memory is like a scratch pad that can be overwritten with new things.Sensory Memory
  5. 5This type of memory is a temporary store, somethings from it become stored as long term memories.Short Term Memory
  6. 6This type of memory has information stored forever, though we might have trouble retrieving it.Long Term Memory.
  7. 7What part of the brain is important for transforming short-term memories into long-term memories?The hippocampus.
  8. 8This type of memory appears to happen in the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the motor cortex?Procedural memory.
  9. 9These are examples of memory in what type of system? - Books, brains, fingers, and notesDistributed systems.
  10. 10What is "changing memory with the purpose of preparing a mind for better action in the future"?Learning.
  11. 11What is "diminution of a behavioural response with repeated stimulation"?Habituation.
  12. 12What is "when a behavioural response is amplified by repeating exposure to a stimulus"?Sensitization.
  13. 13Learning to associate two previously unrelated stimuli, is called what?Classical conditioning.
  14. 14At first you can barely feel a vibrating phone in your pocket, but eventually you become very sensitive to it. What is this?Sensitization.
  15. 15When a dog learns that when you pick up the leash, a walk is soon to follow, it is a result of what?Classical conditioning.
  16. 16Making a behaviour more or less likely to happen in the presence of a stimulus depending on reward , punishment, or taking away a reward or aversive stimulus.Classical conditioning (Operant Conditions).
  17. 17The conditioning that promotes a behavior.Positive reinforcement.
  18. 18The conditioning that attempts to remove a behavior.Negative reinforcement.
  19. 19The conditioning that presents a punishment in order to diminish unwanted behaviors.Positive punishment.
  20. 20The conditioning where something is taken away to diminish unwanted behaviors.Negative punishment.
  21. 21What involves doing something in repetition to learn how to do it better?Practice.
  22. 22What is "time sensitive learning in an animal that is insensitive to behavioural outcomes"?Imprinting.
  23. 23A goose learning who its mother is after birth is called...Imprinting.
  24. 24When someone tells you something, it is a...Testimony.
  25. 25__________ is when environments change relatively quickly.Cultural learning.
  26. 26What type of bias imitates the best idea?Content bias.
  27. 27What type of bias imitates the most successful idea?Prestige bias.
  28. 28What type of bias imitates the most common way of doing things?Conformist bias.
  29. 29___________ is figuring out things for yourself.Individual learning.
  30. 30Cognitive level deals with information and how it is processed. True or false?True.
  31. 31_________ are the spaces between neurons, where communication happens.Synapses.
  32. 32When synapses get more efficient with repeated use, this is called....The Hebbian Theory.
  33. 33________ is a set of things said to exist.Ontology.
  34. 34The field that performs broad research in human internal mental process. Critiques: - not enough theory - underestimates the complexity of languagePsychology.
  35. 35The field that answers the big concepts and questions. Critiques: - not enough attention to empirical study - concerned with unimportant problemsPhilosophy.
  36. 36The field that uses mental process work on machines and interact with humans. Critiques: - insufficiently concerned with natural intelligence - optimistic about future of AIComputer Science.
  37. 37The field that studies human spoken or signed natural language. Critiques: - builds models, don't know what to do with them - only concerned with one part of cognitionLinguistics.
  38. 38The field that studies how the brain process information and creates cognitive process on a biological level. Critiques: - underestimates complexity of language - leans too far toward nature on nature/nurture debateNeuroscience.
  39. 39The field that studies how people learn, and how we design education. Critiques: - case studies are worthless - doesn't tell enough about basic cognitive processesEducation.
  40. 40The field that explores social organization, human culture, enculturation, cultural change and transmission. Critiques: - too qualitative and expensive - generalizes too muchAnthropology.
  41. 41What is the study of minds and thinking, especially at the information processing level?Cognitive Science.
  42. 42_________ is the generating, storing, or retrieval of images.Visual processing.
  43. 43________ is the processing of sounds.Auditory processing.
  44. 44__________ is the manipulation of information.Working memory.
  45. 45___________ is performing simple tasks quickly.Processing speed.
  46. 46What is swapping the beginning sounds of two words, to create two new words/pseudowords? (ex. RED, PEN → PED, REN)Spoonerism.
  47. 47What is the ability to consciously and deliberately monitor and regulate one's knowledge, processes, and cognitive and affective states?Metacognition.
  48. 48When mental contents are operated on in order to produce some response.Cognitive process.
  49. 49Planning and monitoring, testing, revising and evaluating strategies employed when learning and reading is a part of ________.Self-regulated learning.
  50. 50_________ is managing internal (thoughts) and external distractions.Cognitive states.
  51. 51Sequential lineups better than simultaneous (showing images one-by-one) because they are seen as multiple choice, and not based on memory. True or false?True.
  52. 52__________ is when people mistake suggestions by interviewer, etc. as actual memories (in law).False memory.
  53. 53An artificial intelligence paradigm that reasons about what to do by retrieving similar situations from memory.Case-based Reasoning (CBR).
  54. 54__________ is how effective is the software at what it is supposed to do.Usefulness.
  55. 55_________ is how easy it is to use.Usability.
  56. 56__________ is how easy it is to learn how to use it.Learnability.
  57. 57________ period shows economics allied with psychology.Classical.
  58. 58___________ period shows that view that humans were rational.Non-classical.
  59. 59What is the process by which agents interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the world?Perception.
  60. 60In cognitive science, what is turning information from one form into new, meaningful representations?Perception.
  61. 61The sensory modality that senses the bowel, stomach, pain receptors, etc?Atypical.
  62. 62When rays of light emanating from the eye in combination with light in the world allow us to see.Extramission Theory.
  63. 63When visual perception is accomplished by rays of light reflected from objects into the eyes.Intromission Theory.
  64. 64What is the most light-sensitive photorective cells in retina?The Rod.
  65. 65Convergence of information makes peripheral vision sensitive to movement (seeing out of corner of eye). True or False?True.
  66. 66What cone type corresponds to short wavelengths?Blue.
  67. 67What cone type corresponds to medium wavelengths?Green.
  68. 68What cone type corresponds to long wavelengths?Red.
  69. 69The 5 components of Depth Perception are:1. Size
    2. Perspective
    3. Occlusion
    4. Texture, shading, saturation
    5. Focus on multiple images
  70. 70Associated with motion, representation of objects location, and control of eyes and arms (“where it is”). Hint: top-back of brain.Dorsal Stream.
  71. 71Associated with form recognition and object representation, as well as storing long term memory (“what is it”). Hint: lower-bottom part of brain.Ventral Stream.
  72. 72What stream is useful for guiding arms for reaching for object?Dorsal stream.
  73. 73What stream uses the man thinking his wife's hat was a head example?Ventral stream.
  74. 74What type of perception looks for overlap of pixels?Template matching perception.
  75. 75How is information passed through the neural network perception?Input layer -> Hidden layer -> Output layer
  76. 76______ is done by examining the differences between the sounds in the two ears.Localization.
  77. 77What is "send out sound, determine spatial information from echo"?Bisonar (or Echolocation).
  78. 78Critical for manipulation of objects, particularly in combination with proprioception.Haptics (touch).
  79. 79The detection of chemicals - no clear energy continuum as there is for light/sound.Olfaction (smell).
  80. 80Chemical receptors in taste buds last for a week (or two) then wear out.Gustation (taste).
  81. 81How you know where your body parts are and how they are moving.Kinesthesia/Proprioception.
  82. 82The perception of hunger, need for digestive elimination, heart rate, the need to sneeze or breathe, etc.Interoception.
  83. 83What are the 5 steps of analogy?1. Retrieval
    2. Mapping
    3. Transfer/adaption
    4. Evaluation
    5. Storage
  84. 84Finding correspondence between elements of two analogies / to connect like instances between two objects.Mapping.
  85. 85Indexing the memory so that it can be used successfully in the future.Storage.
  86. 86Using (or changing) knowledge of one analogue to learn or invent something about the other.Transfer/adaption.
  87. 87Finding something good in memory to make an analogy with.Retrieval.
  88. 88Determining if the transfer did what you wanted it to do.Evaluation.
  89. 89If Wallace is "like a bear" (he’s not a bear), but inferred to like one, this is a case of _______.Transfer.
  90. 90The type of reasoning based on particular examples rather that on prototypes of rules.Exemplar-based reasoning.
  91. 91The type of reasoning from memories as opposed to using more abstract reasoning rules.Memory-based reasoning.
  92. 92The cognitive representation of experiences everyone has (like swallowing).Primary scene.
  93. 93When the base metaphor is sensory, target is abstract.Correlation-based metaphor.
  94. 94What is "a set of symbols that can be arranged in certain ways" or "a complex code by which agents can communicate information"?Language.
  95. 95Language created by cultures of humans.Natural language.
  96. 96Language created by individuals or small teams.Artificial language.
  97. 97An artificial language for communication with computers, typically lacking ambiguity.Computer language.
  98. 98Animal communication is also called __________.Zoosemiotics.
  99. 99Language that works through gesture, expression, gaze following, vocalization, olfactory communication, and electric colouration.Animal communication.
  100. 100How sounds are organized and used in language.Phonology.
  101. 101How sound and meaning interact with words.Morphology.
  102. 102How sentences may be put together in a language.Syntax.
  103. 103________ is the meaning in language.Semantics.
  104. 104How sentences interact with connext to change meaning.Pragmatics.
  105. 105___________ is a formal normative system of reasoning.Logic.
  106. 106_________ specifies ways that sentences can be represented unambiguously.Symbolic logic.
  107. 107When restaurants put an expensive item on to make others seem cheaper.Anchoring.
  108. 108When you believe things because other around you believe the same thing.Bandwagon Effect/Herd Instinct.
  109. 109A cults prevents members from speaking to others outside of cult, this is called _________.Bandwagon Effect/Herd Instinct.
  110. 110When you accept, seek out, and remember things that support your views.Confirmation bias.
  111. 111Observing two things at the same time, you focus more on their difference when evaluating.Contrast Effect/Context Effect.
  112. 112_________ is when things appear more different when viewed simultaneously.Distinction bias.
  113. 113When men look at a lot of women, they view their wife as less attractive. This is due to __________.Distinction bias.
  114. 114People will demand more to give up an object than they were willing to pay to get it. Once you own something, you find it more valuable.Endowment Effect / Loss Aversion.
  115. 115The tendency to believe the media is acting hostility to your political views.Hostile Media Effect.
  116. 116When we value things in the future less than the now.Temporal Discounting
  117. 117Temporal Discounting is when chaotic environments adjust the way we interpret the future / change the value is things. True or false?True.
  118. 118Wearing bike helmets make everyone ‘feel’ safer so they act more reckless. This is due to outcome bias, true or false?False. This is due to Risk Compensation.
  119. 119Thinking of yourself as having acted morally can make you allow yourself to behave badly.Moral Credential Effect.
  120. 120People pay more attention to negative information, perhaps due to its importance in our evolutionary history.Negativity Bias.
  121. 121We think that doing harm is worse than not doing something that causes equal harm.Omission Bias.
  122. 122Judging a decision based on what ended up happening, rather than in the information available at decision-making time.Outcome Bias.
  123. 123Believing something because you want it to be true.Wishful Thinking.
  124. 124Assuming that things that are most easily brought to memory are more common or probably.Availability Heuristic.
  125. 125Someone was just murdered, therefore murderers are common everywhere. This style of thinking is due to ___________.Availability Heuristic.
  126. 126Rain is wet, my roof is wet, therefore rain must be wet. This thinking is a result of _________.Belief Bias.
  127. 127What is more common a person who wears birkenstocks, or a hippy wearing birkenstocks? Is a result of ________.Conjunction Fallacy.
  128. 128Deciding the most/least probable outcome after successive times. Ex. flipping a coin.Gambler’s Fallacy.
  129. 129We remember the beginnings and endings better than other parts of things.Primacy and Recency Effects.
  130. 130Thinking the world is ultimately a just place will give you the tendency to look for reasons to blame victims of injustice.Just World Phenomenon.
  131. 131Tendency to explain the behavior of others in terms of stable traits / Explaining one’s own actions in terms of reactions to the situation.Actor-Observer Bias.
  132. 132What is a cognitive system?A Cognitive System is the system in which an agent perceives the outside world around that agent.
  133. 133Henry Molaison is the most famous case of what disorder?Anterograde amnesia.
  134. 134Which cognitive architecture operates at the level of discrete symbols?Symbolic.
  135. 135What are world problems that are getting worse?environmental damage / social capital
  136. 136What is the name of the largest (and most realistic) artificial brain, created by Nengo?Spaun
  137. 137Which cognitive architecture refers to the classical view of the architecture of the mind?Symbolic Architectures
  138. 138How do we know morality is evolved?Evolved and well-learned behaviors work faster than deliberate ones.
  139. 139Why do we believe ESP is real?1. Confirmation bias
    2. Neglect of negative results
    3. Wishful thinking
  140. 140Listening to Mozart makes babies smarter. True of False.False, it's based on stimuli
  141. 141In what ways is AI better than us?1. Stock Trading
    2. Arithmetic and Statistics
    3. Scheduling
    4. Search Engines
    5. Many Games
  142. 142What are the two kinds of happiness?1. Pleasure (day-by-day)
    2. Life satisfaction - normal
  143. 143What is Moral Dumbfounding?no explanation for reasoning (bankrupt argument), “it just is” excuse
  144. 144Can thinking about something before dreaming prompt you to dream about it?Yes, Dream incubation.
  145. 145In which state of sleep can dreaming occur?REM and non-REM
  146. 146What could explain that our reasoning ability is reduced during dreaming?DLPFC (involved with executive function) is deactivated - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  147. 147What do you call a dream in which you can control your actions?Lucid Dreaming
  148. 148What do we call the hypothesis that dreams are the cortex trying to make sense of chaotic inputs from the brainstem?Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
  149. 149In what ways are we better than AI?1.Language
    2.Physical Movement
    3.Creativity
    4.Science
    5.Social Interaction
    6.Vision
  150. 150What Greene’s experiment revealed that there are two competing systems for our moral considerations?Footbridge/Trolley Explanation
  151. 151What are Haidt’s 6 Moral Foundations and their opposites?Care / Harm
    Liberty / Oppression
    Authority / Subversion
    Fairness / Cheating
    Loyalty / Betrayal
    Sanctity / Degradation
  152. 152People who tend to have all six of these strongly, would sit on which side of the political spectrum?Right wing
  153. 153True or false. Your politics are mostly genetic?True.
  154. 154What do we call a sudden temporary episode of memory loss that can’t be attributed to a more common neurological condition such as epilepsy, or stroke?Transient Global Amnesia - lose declarative memory
  155. 155What is the name for the typical threshold of <.05 in statistics?Alpha level
  156. 156What does REM stand for?Rapid eye movement
  157. 157What is muscle atonia?Involved in REM cycle / characteristic of REM - nothing to do with eyes, muscles lose strength
  158. 158What do we call a programming environment for making a cognitive model? There are four kinds of these, name them.1. Symbolic - discrete symbols
    2. Subsymbolic - number representations
    3. Hybrid-symbolic/subsymbolic
    4. Brain - models cognition of level of biology
  159. 159What is the theory explaining why we dream of threats common to our evolutionary ancestors? (e.g. natural disasters, children dream of animals, etc.)TST (threat simulation theory)
  160. 160What does the AIM Model of Conscious States stand for?Activation
    Information Flow
    Mode of Information Processing
    Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
  161. 161What are the distinct levels of the expanding circle?Self-interest
    Friendships
    Tribalism
  162. 162Artificial Intelligence a failure. True or False?False. Our economy would collapse without findings of AI researchers
  163. 16375% of our sleep is in which state?NREM
  164. 164Which accurately described positive reinforcement?Encouraging morally good behaviors using a schedule of positive and negative stimulation
  165. 165A girl uses her memory of using her iPod to use her TV. She reasons that the volume buttons on the iPod correspond to some buttons on the TV. Which part of analogy is she using?Mapping.
  166. 166Olfaction turns what kinds of physical entities into mental representations?Chemical
  167. 167Which is a higher level of analysis, biology or physics?Biology.
  168. 168Positive punishment and negative reinforcement are examples of what kind of learning?Operant Conditions
  169. 169What is a distributed cognitive system?The belief that information is shared and distributed beyond the single individual.
  170. 170What is the field that researches the creation of intelligent software called?Artificial Intelligence or A.I.
  171. 171What are the main areas of research in linguistics?Phonology, which is how sounds are organized.
  172. 172What part of analogy involves finding correspondences between the parts of two analogs?Transfer - a comparison between the qualities of two objects.
  173. 173What sense are we using when we see with our eyes?Visual Perception.
  174. 174We only use 10% of our brains. True or False?False.
  175. 175___________ is a self-reinforcing cycle that explains the development of certain kinds of collective beliefs.Availability Cascade.
  176. 176IQ tests are biased. True or False?False. If biased, they would underpredict later success for certain groups / overpredict for others.
  177. 177Childhood abuse leads to psychological disorders. True or False?Not entirely true - very weakly correlated (only 0.09 - close to zero)
  178. 178Conflict-ridden home is more likely to cause....1. Anxiety
    2. Depression
    3. Eating disorders, etc.
  179. 179The full moon makes people act differently. True or False?False, based on confirmation bias.
  180. 180The reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind.Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
  181. 181Money correlates with happiness until you’re making about $_______/year$75,000
  182. 182Life events don’t affect happiness much. True or false?True. Events like winning the lottery / losing a limb have a temporary effect on mood
  183. 183_______% of happiness is genetic.60%
  184. 184A _______ is an explanation that typically suggests the existence of theoretical entities that cannot be measured directlyTheory.
  185. 185Theories make predictions about the real world. True or False?True. The predictions become ‘hypotheses’ that can be tested with experiments and quasi-experiments.
  186. 186These have control over participants and conditions. They manipulate something.Experiments.
  187. 187These are observations in the real world.Quasi-experiments
  188. 188The refutability of a statement, hypothesis, or theory is an inherent possibility to prove it to be false.Falsifiability.
  189. 189Property of an activity, process, or test result that allows it to be duplicated at another location or time.Replicability
  190. 190NREM (non-rapid eye movement) dreams are:- Short, dull and un-dreamlike
    - Breathing and heart rate slow and regular
    - Blood pressure low
    - Sleeper is relatively still
  191. 191REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is characterized by:-Rapid eye movement
    - Muscle atonia
    - Dreaming
  192. 192The percentage of people who experience dreams of teeth falling out due to teeth grinding during sleep.70% of people
  193. 193This could explain our reduced reasoning ability during dreams...The DLPFC is deactivated
  194. 194Options of recording/remembering dreams are:1. Ask every morning to report dreams
    2. Keep a dream diary
    3. Ask what the dream tends to be like
  195. 195Bizarre dreams are easiest to remember and most-often talked about due to what bias?Selection bias
  196. 196What is dream incubation?A technique that can affect your sleep with pre-sleep attention to a specific concern
  197. 197What is the basic level of brain activation?Activation
  198. 198What is the sensory input vs. internal fictive input?Information Flow
  199. 199Aminergic-cholinergic neuromodulation is a ___________?Mode of Information Processing
  200. 200Dreams are the cortex trying to make sense of chaotic inputs from the brainstem due to ___________?Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
  201. 201People who have no dream imagery tend to also have a waking deficit in imagining memories because of _______.Visual anoneria
  202. 202Where you know you’re dreaming and can control your actions and sometimes your dream content.Lucid Dreams
  203. 203In __________, you feel awake and you might feel chest painsSleep Paralysis
  204. 204Why do we have morality?They evolved to help us take care of other people in our groups - but not so much people outside our groups
  205. 205I care about myself and my family is the circle of _________.Self-interest
  206. 206I care for historical cooperation partners is the circle of _____________.Friendships
  207. 207I care about us, but not them is the circle of _________.Tribalism
  208. 208When individuals acting independently and rationally according to each's self-interest behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group by depleting some common resourceTragedy of commons
  209. 209I care about all people or creatures that can have positive or negative experiences is due to the ______________.Tragedy of Commonsense
  210. 210How do we know morality has evolved?Evolved and well-learned behaviors work faster than deliberate ones
  211. 211The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.Utilitarianism
  212. 212Is the normative ethical position that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to a rule or rules.Deontology
  213. 213If a man sexually uses ready-to-cook chicken home for pleasure, this is not morally wrong. Some explain that "it just is!" due to ______________.Moral dumbfounding
  214. 214_______-wing tend to have care/harm and liberty/oppression strongLeft-wing
  215. 215_______-wing tend to have all 6 moral foundations fairly strongRight-wing
  216. 216________ tend to only have liberty/oppression strong.Libertarians
  217. 217Prosociality, Empathy and Condolence, and Fairness, reciprocity, friendship in chimps are examples of ________.Animal Morality
  218. 218In memento, the main character is able to learn procedural/declarative, but not procedural/declarative memories. Select the correct response.Able to learn procedural but not declarative memories
  219. 219Who said that the idea your brain is in a vat and is being feed perspective stimuli?René Descartes
  220. 220Why are the japanese are less scared of AI and robots?This is due to the exposure of astro boy.
  221. 221What are Asimov's three laws of robotics?1. A robot may not injure a human being
    2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings
    3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict
  222. 222____________ says that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brainIdentity theory
  223. 223______________ is a theory about the nature of mental states.Functionalism
  224. 224________ is a representation of something that excludes unimportant detail and informationA model.
  225. 225A computer program that models some aspect of thought.Cognitive Model.
  226. 226A programming environment or set of tools for making cognitive models.Cognitive Architecture.
  227. 227Operates at the level of discrete symbols.Symbolic
  228. 228Operates using number representations, which in aggregate constitute symbols.Sub-symbolic.
  229. 229Uses symbolic and sub-symbolic operations.Hybrid symbolic/subsymbolic
  230. 230Models cognition at the level of biology, but speaks to cognitive issuesBrain
  231. 231Refers to classical view of mind’s architecture. mind viewed as a process in which symbols are manipulatedSymbolic Architectures
  232. 232__________ are computer languages that are widely employed for representing the processes that operate in models of cognitive systems.Production systems
  233. 233A _________ has the power to intentionally cause harm to anotherMoral agent
  234. 234A ________ is anything that can be harmed.Moral subject.
  235. 235________ are subset of declarative memoryGoals.
  236. 236Subsymbolic Associative Network uses what kinds of learning to learn patterns?Hebbian learning
  237. 237Supervised Learning uses __________, which is great for learning, but needs thousands of examples to work.backpropagation
  238. 238What are the worlds problems on decline?War and Torture
    Crime
    Starvation
    Disease
    Short life span
    Inequality
  239. 239What are the worlds problems getting worse?Environmental damage
    Social capital
  240. 240How do we fix climate change?Reduce Carbon emissions
  241. 241The ____________ side of cognitive science studies how people actually solve problems and all of the other cognitive functionshuman modeling
  242. 242The ___________ side of cognitive science tries to make programs that can solve problems for us, often better than usAI engineering
  243. 243Theory states that the mind has a bunch of switches that get set when you learn language at a young ageUniversal Grammar Theory
  244. 244Children learn _______ new words per day to productive vocabulary, twice that for understanding2-4 new words
  245. 245Developmental stage from birth to 2 years old.Sensorimotor
  246. 246Developmental stage from 2-6 years old.Preoperational
  247. 247Developmental stage from 7-11 years old.Concrete Operational
  248. 248Developmental stage from 11 years old to death.Formal Operational
  249. 249Simple reflex action to symbolic processing, adapting to exploring environment, and object permanence are a part of what developmental stage?Sensorimotor
  250. 250Use symbols to represent objects and events, egocentrism, and centration are a part of what developmental stage?Preoperational
  251. 251Mental operations to solve problems and reason and Problems thinking abstractly and hypothetically are a part of what developmental stage?Concrete Operational
  252. 252Can apply mental operations to abstract entities and Abstract and hypothetical thinking are a part of what developmental stage?Formal Operational
  253. 253The Jean Piaglet’s Developmental Stages are:1. Sensorimotor - birth to 2 years old
    2. Preoperational - 2-6 years old
    3. Concrete Operational - 7-11 years old
    4. Formal Operational - 11 to death
  254. 254___________ is the difficulty in seeing the world from another’s viewpointEgocentrism
  255. 255________ is narrowly focused thoughtCentration
  256. 256The concept of just because something leaves, doesn't mean it doesn’t exist is called ______.Object permanence
  257. 257Piaglet’s Lasting Contributions that children are active participants in their own development is....Constructivism
  258. 258Problems with Piagetian Theory?- underestimates infants, overestimates adolescents
    - Vague on processes & change mechanisms
    - Does not account for variability
    - Underestimates social & cultural influences
  259. 259Shared understanding among participants of an activityIntersubjectivity
  260. 260Cognitive growth results from children’s involvement in structures activities with others who are more skilledGuided participation
  261. 261Difference between what child can do alone or with help.Zone of Proximal Development
  262. 262A teaching a style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner’s needs.Scaffolding
  263. 263Comments not directed to others but intended to help children regulate on their ownPrivate Speech
  264. 264________ is the thought, internalized, private speech, serving the same functionInner speech
  265. 265____________ was a Soviet psychologist, the founder of a theory of human cultural and bio-social development commonly referred to as cultural-historical psychologyLev Vygotsky
  266. 266Distinctive domains of knowledge, some of which are acquired earlyCore Knowledge Theories
  267. 267Evolution occurs when three things exist. What are they?1. Generation diversity
    2. Selective reproduction and survival
    3. Transmitted change
  268. 268Mutation and crossover is _________.Generation diversity
  269. 269Reproduction of the fittest is ________.Selective reproduction and survival
  270. 270Genetic, taught, and imitation is ____________.Transmitted change
  271. 271Occurs with natural, sexual, and artificial (breeding) selectionBiological Evolution
  272. 272____________ explains traits as evolutionary adaptationsEvolutionary psychology
  273. 273Theorizing about evolutionary causes for phenotypesAdaptationism
  274. 274Is mostly dependant of the environment such as colour of eyesPredetermination
  275. 275Something evolved for one purpose is used for another, such as female orgasmsExaptation
  276. 276To prevail or have dominance over, such as bitter foods are drinks such as coffeeOverridable
  277. 277The concept that states we evolved to learn something easily such as languageBaldwin Effect (predisposition)
  278. 278We like taste of aspartame (sweet substance) that has no nutritional value is a result of ________.Cortical and Neural Recycling
  279. 279_________ feedback accelerates a temperature rise, whereas __________ feedback decelerates itPositive, negative
  280. 280Is the retention of juvenile features in adult animal. In humans, it includes a small jaw, upright posture, big head, less developmental change, less aggression, and sexual and natural selectionNeoteny
  281. 281_____% of people in hunter gatherer societies are killed through capital punishment10%
  282. 282Our minds evolved, mostly during the which era?Paleolithic era
  283. 283Employing or involving a module or modules as the basis or design or construction is called ________.Modular.
  284. 284Having a range of potential uses; not specialized in function or design.General Purpose
  285. 285According to evolution, men like a low waist-to-hip ratio of _____.0.7
  286. 286_____%of babies come from extra-pair copulations3-4%
  287. 287In memory, _________ states we should remember better things for survivalPrediction
  288. 288We care about people to the extent that they overlap with us genetically.Hamilton’s selfish gene theory
  289. 289This is why animals sacrifice their lives for their offspring?Kin Selection
  290. 290___________ are important nutrients that were rare in the vast majority of our evolutionary historyFat, salt, protein and sugar
  291. 291The two main problems with fossils in cognitive science are?1. Behavior is not fossilized
    2. Fossils are very rare
  292. 292We share _____% of our DNA with mice70%
  293. 293Oldest fossils of fully-formed humans are __________ years old50-100k years old
  294. 294___________ had hands evolved for manipulation, we don’t know that they didn’t use tools or notAustralopithecines
  295. 295Which is most distantly historical female that is the ancestor of all humans?Mitochondrial eve
  296. 296How many species tend to become fossilized?Estimated that 1-10 thousand species gets fossilized
  297. 297_______% of fossils are from marine creatures in shallow parts of water95%
  298. 298Which theory states that relying on vision is important because it is inherently 3D, unlike olfaction?Pinker’s Vision Theory
  299. 299Which theory states that humans lives differ from other primates mostly in part to their social experiments?Group Living Theory
  300. 300Which theory states that walking upright allowed us to accept our hands for different functions, which would make good use for more intelligence?Wand/Walking Upright Theory
  301. 301Which theory states that carnivores are more intelligence than herbivores?Human Theory (ecological hypothesis)
  302. 302We evolved smarter brains from:- Communicate important info
    - Keep track of everybody else and maintain social relationships
    - Results in a social cognition arm race
  303. 303Why did we grow hands with fingers?Figners allow us to do planning, imagination, and working memory which all require brain power
  304. 304__________ means more infant care by parents.Atrociousness
  305. 305Being conscious of something means....you are aware of something (such as oncoming car)
  306. 306Being awake means...not asleep
  307. 307Being conscious of self refers to...Descartes's “I think therefore I am” theory, since you are able to produce ideas and thought you must be real because there is no way to make that artificial
  308. 308When we get better at things, they become easier to do and faster, and we think about other things while we do them.Automization
  309. 309When we perceive or decide or believe something without having a notion of how the idea came to beIntuition
  310. 310_________ is the experience of consciousness.Qualia
  311. 311Blindsight, Hemisphere Neglect, Cut Corpus Callosum and Thought Alienation are examples of what?Consciousness Disorders
  312. 312When thoughts in their head are not their own, it is called ________.Thought Alienation
  313. 313A __________ is a being that is like a human, but has no conscious experienceZombie.
  314. 314____________ behaves just like human but without any consciousnessBehavioural zombie
  315. 315__________ is when brain states of which are indistinguishable from a humanNeurological zombie
  316. 316Is the belief that there is some kind of mental substance that is not physical.Dualism
  317. 317There are multiple processes in the mind that interprets things, is based one whose model of thought?Dennett’s Multiple Drafts Model
  318. 318Imagination reflects visuospatial memory is an example of what theory?Laboratory Theory
  319. 319What are the two phases in the Laboratory Theory?1. Training Phase which is perception
    2. Visualization phase which is imagination
  320. 320Is the memory is the memory of autobiographical eventsEpisodic Memory
  321. 321Episodic memories are created and each contributes to a prototype in semantic memory representing the average distribution for the phrase and attribute.Semantic Memory
  322. 322In what year did Pavlov's salivating dog experiments occur?1908
  323. 323___________ held that we cannot directly study mental processes, only stimulus and behaviorJohn Watson
  324. 324The ________ is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.Turing test
  325. 325What year was birth of Artificial Intelligence?1955
  326. 326_____________ is the assertion that natural language grammar is unlearnable given the relatively limited data available to children learning a language.Poverty of the stimulus
  327. 327TOTE is an iterative problem solving strategy. What does it stand for?Test, operate, test, exit
  328. 328The ___________is a hypothetical time when AIs surpass human intelligenceSingularity.
  329. 329__________ believes computer programs will be smarter than people around 2045Ray Kurzweil
  330. 330Brain imaging, processing, memory, and nanotech are all accelerating at an ___________ rateExponential rate.
  331. 331Our belief that people still exist when we can no longer perceive themPerson Permanence
  332. 332We have subsystems for understanding different things in the world: contagion, persons, living things, tools, physical objects is due to what theory?Pascal Boyer’s Counterontology Theory
  333. 333Without language, your reputation can only be hurt in the minds of those who directly see you is a result of what theory?The theory that states Religion Encourages Prosocial Behavior
  334. 334Characterized by compulsive rituals.Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
  335. 335Features hallucinations / People who experience delusions tend to have more religious beliefsSchizophrenia and Schizotypy
  336. 336As with most things psychological, religiosity is about ___% genetic and ____% environmental50%, 50%
    Genetics: 47%
    Environment
    Family upbringing: 11%
    Non-family environment: 42%
  337. 337What do robots use to interact with the world?Actuators
  338. 338Which neurological organ doesn't seem to play a part in procedural memories? basal ganglia cerebellum hypothalamusHypothalamus
  339. 339Fred has a dog that gets really excited every time he picks up the leash. What can best explain the dog’s reaction?Classical conditioning
  340. 340Which is a method of philosophy Experiments Statistical analysis ThinkingThinking
  341. 341Which subfield of Linguistics is responsible for studying sound-meaning interactions? Morphology Pragmatics PhoneticsMorphology
  342. 342Which is not one of the historically core fields of cognitive science? Linguistics Computer science NeuroscienceNeuroscience
  343. 343Which of the following is true? Its best to only study in one place People who take notes by hand tend to do better Everyone can multitaskPeople who take notes by hand tend to do better
  344. 344Which is not an essential feature for diagnosing a learning disability Poor social skills Specific Academic weakness At least an average intelligencePoor social skills
  345. 345Which is not a focus of Human-computer interaction? Usefulness Learnability EthicsEthics
  346. 346Which Photoreceptive cells are more sensitive? Rods Cones VisosRods
  347. 347Which is not a component of Depth perception? Occlusion Olfaction TextureOlfaction
  348. 348Which is an example of an Artificial language? J.R.R Tolken’s Elvish Sign language Java (Computer programming language)J.R.R Tolken’s Elvish
  349. 349What is true about Human Language? It’s implicit It’s explicit It can be explained through classical conditioningIt’s implicit
  350. 350What is Jerry Foders name for the “language of thought”? Inner speech mentalese synesthesiaMentalese
  351. 351Which is not one of Haidts moral Foundations? Fairness vs. cheating Care vs harm Action vs inactionAction vs inaction
  352. 352Which is a model? Lego A programming language A programA program
  353. 353According to the smelly t-shirt experiment what do men detect as attractive in women? Ovulation Deodorant Immune system compatibilityOvulation
  354. 354According to men, what is universally attractive in women? large breasts small chin 0.7 waist to hip ratio0.7 waist to hip ratio
  355. 355Which is not a theory for how humans got so smart? Group living theory Abstract reasoning theory Hand/Walking theoryAbstract reasoning theory
  356. 356Which is not support for Hunter Theory We have eyes on the front of our head Being a carnivore promotes groups Carnivores build toolsCarnivores build tools
  357. 357Which is not a stage of imagination Visualization phase Adaptation phase Training phaseAdaptation phase
  358. 358When was the first psychology lab opened 1875 1913 19551875
  359. 359Who coined the concept of computers Sigmund freud Alan Turing Charles BabbageCharles Babbage
  360. 360According to Pascal Boyer’s Counter-ontology theory, which is the most plausible? A statue that bleeds and sings A Tree that grows apple and tells the future A horse that can fly, talk, and change color.A Tree that grows apple and tells the future

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Flashcards on Cognitive Science Exam CGSC, created by Brandon Telford on 19/04/2015.
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