Flashcards
Talk and Action
Cards in this deck (33)
- 1What are implicatures?When the interpretation of an utterance is different than the words uttered
- 2What are the 4 ways to generate conversational implicatures?Observe
Violate
Flout (Exploit)
Opting Out (Walking Away) - 3Observing the Maxims Definition and ExampleA. I've run out of petrol
B. There's a garage around the corner
Answer is relevant, informative, true, and clear - 4Violating a Maxim Definition and ExampleA. Where is Frankfurt?
B. Somewhere in Europe.
A speaker violates the maxim hoping that the listener won't notice - 5Opting Out of a Maxim Definition and ExampleA. How long is the bus going to take?
B. Doesn't answer
Being uncooperative on purpose - 6Clashing Maxims Definition and ExampleA. So where are Dr. Penner's Office Hours?
B. Sometime on Wednesdays.
Rather than violate maxim of quality, you violate the maxim of quantity and say too little - 7Flouting (Exploiting) the Maxims Definition and ExampleA. Where is the roast beef?
B. The dog seems very happy
A deliberate invitation to find new meaning, associated rhetorical effects - 8Traditional Approach to LanguageThe basic sentence type is declarative
Language is used to describe states of affairs
The meaning of utterances are described in terms of their truth or falsity - 9How can we classify utterances?1. Length
2. Grammatical Structure (Active/Passive, Statement/Question/Request/Exclamatory)
3. Semantic or logical structure
4. In terms of what they do: functional approach - 10What do utterances do in conversations?Conversations are more than stating propositions or conveying facts, it's a verbal give and take
Functions: Establish relationships, achieve cooperation, keep channels open for further relationships - 11Constative Utterances1. Make propositions (today is Monday)2.
2. Connected with events in a possible world
3. Are true or false - 12Ethical PropositionsA. Boys don't cry
May be true or false
Purpose is to guide behaviour - 13Phatic UtterancesA. "How are you?"
Contentless
Unemotional
Completely non-threatening
Allow communication to occur - 14Malinowski's Phatic Utterances and Phatic CommunionA type of speech that creates union by exchanging words
Words don't convey meaning but they fill a social function: create sociability
Each utterance is an act
aim: bind listener and speaker
Language is a mode of action - 15John Langshaw AustinSpeech Act Theory
Arguments:
Not all sentences are statements
Even sentences that look like declaratives aren't always used to make statements - 16Performative UtterancesSomething is being done by someone
Speech acts change the conditions of the world
Ex. I name this island... - 17Grammatical Form of Typical Performatives1. A first person subject
2. A verb in the present tense
3. May include "hereby" - 18Evaluating PerformativesThey are not true or false
The question is whether they work or not
Ex. do they constitute a successful warning, bet, naming?
Felicitous: works
Infelicitous: doesn't work - 19Promises1) propositional content rule: words predicate a future action of the speaker
2, 3) the preparatory rules: person promising and person being promised must want act done, must not normally be done, promise must be believed
4) The sincerity rule: promiser must intend to perform act
5) The essential rule: uttering counts as undertaking an obligation to perform the action - 20Felicity Conditions1. Conventional Procedure
who must say/do what
2. All participants must:
properly execute this procedure to completion
3. necessary thoughts, feelings and intentions must be present in all parties - 21Constitutive RulesThey define a particular activity in the form of doing x counts as y
- 22Less Explicit PerformativesI promise
I apologize
I warn you
(lack any associated conventional procedure) - 23Regulative RulesLaws and Regulations: what is right and wrong
- 24Austin's Classification of PerformanceVerdictives
Execitives
Commissives
Behabitives
Expositives - 25VerdictivesGiving a verdict, estimate, grade, appraisal
Ex. we find the accused guilty - 26ExercitivesThe exercising of powers, and rights
Ex. I pronounce you husband and wife - 27CommissivesPromising or undertaking, and committing one to do something
Ex. I hereby bequeath - 28BehabitivesApologizing, congratulating, blessing, cursing, or challenging
Ex. I apologize - 29ExpositivesMaking utterances fit into an argument or exposition
Ex. I argue, I reply or I assume - 30Speech ActsEvery utterance is a speech act
- 313 Aspects of a Speech ActUtterances= locutions
Intentions have illocutionary force
Illocutionary acts cause an effect on the listeners (a perlocutionary act) - 32Illocutionary Actsmust be intentionally performed
1) correctly uttered with its conventional meaning
2)satisfy a truth condition
3) the listener should recognize the truth of 1 and 2 - 33Requests (Searle)1) Hearer's ability: can you...?
2) Speaker's wish/desire: I would like...
3) Hearer doing something: all will henceforth...
4) Hearer's Willingness: Would you like...?
5) The reasons for doing something: You're standing...
6) Combinations: I would appreciate it if you could...
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- Flashcards on Talk and Action , created by salankkl on 23/04/2015.
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- salankkl
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