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Flashcards

Block 2 Flash Cards - Year 1

alishasruparelia English 147 cards

Cards in this deck (147)

  1. 1What nerve do impulses travel in the afferent pathway of the cough reflex?Internal laryngeal nerve - branch of the vagus nerve
  2. 2Describe the efferent pathway of the cough reflex1. Diaphragm and external intercostals contract - creates negative pressure around lung
    2. Air rushes into lungs to equalise pressure
    3. Glottis and vocal cords shut
    3. Abdominal muscles contract to increase pressure in the lungs
    4. Vocal cords relax and glottis opens to release air
    5. Bronchi and parts of trachea collapse to form slits through which air is forced
  3. 3What is the medullary rhythmicity area made up of?Ventral respiratory group and dorsal respiratory group
  4. 4Describe the actions of the DRGActivated during normal quiet breathing, generate impulses to diaphragm (phrenic nerve) and external intercostals (intercostal nerves) - generates inhalation
  5. 5Describe the actions of the VRGBecomes activated in forceful breathing - stimulates the diaphragm, external intercostals and accessory muscles of inhalation - sternocleidomastoid (elevates sternum), scalenes and pectoralis minor.
    Also activated in forceful exhalation - internal intercostals, external/internal oblique and transversus and rectus abdominis.
  6. 6What does the PRG/pneumotaxic area do and where is it found?Upper pons
    Transmits inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area. Breathing rate becomes rapid so lungs don't overfill with air.
  7. 7What is the apneustic area and where is it found?Lower pons
    Sends stimulatory impulses to inspiratory area resulting in long and deep inhalation
  8. 8Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?Aortic arch and carotid bodies
  9. 9What are TRP channels?Transient receptor ion channels
    Mediate sensations such as pain, temp, taste and pressure
  10. 10What happens in TRP hypo/hyper function?Hypo - aspiration, bronchospasms
    Hyper - cough hypersensitivity, rhinitis
  11. 11Where do the two sides of the nose join together?Dorsum
  12. 12What are the flaring parts of the nostrils called?Ala
  13. 13What makes up the floor of the nasal cavity?Hard palate of the mouth
  14. 14Which bones make up the nasal septum?Ethmoid anteriorly and vomer posteriorly
  15. 15What nerve supplies the nose?Trigeminal nerve
  16. 16What artery supplies the external nose?Facial artery
  17. 17What is the blood supply of the nose?1. Branches of internal carotid - ethmoid arteries
    2. Branches of external carotid - sphenopalatine, greater palatine, superior labial and angular arteries
  18. 18What are the nasal apertures at the back of the nose called?Choanae
  19. 19What is respiratory epithelium composed of?Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, ciliated and has goblet cells
  20. 20What is olfactory mucosa?Mucosa in the roof of the nose which provides sense of smell
  21. 21What is the function of the nasal cavity?1. Provides an airway
    2. Resonating chamber for speech
    3. Warms and humidifies air
    4. Needed for olfaction
  22. 22Name the turbinate bones1. Inferior concha
    2. Middle concha
    3. Superior concha
  23. 23Name the spaces between the conchae1. Inferior meatus
    2. Middle meatus
    3. Superior meatus
    4. Sphenoethmoidal recess
  24. 24What is the function of the conchae?Air is forced past the conchae which are very vascular. Provide a large s/a for air to be moistened.
  25. 25Blood supply of nasal cavitySphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery which anastamoses with the septal branch of the superior labial artery and the ascending branch of the greater palatine - forms Kiesselbach's plexus.
  26. 26Medical term for a nosebleedEpistaxis
  27. 27What are paranasal sinuses?Air filled spaces in the skull that connect with the nasal cavity through small apertures called ostia
  28. 28What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?Lighten the skull and produces mucus to protect the nose
  29. 29Where do the sphenoidal sinuses open into?Sphenoethmoidal recess
  30. 30Where does the posterior ethmoidal sinus open into?Superior meatus
  31. 31Which sinuses open into the middle meatus?Anterior/middle ethmoidal and frontal and maxillary sinuses
  32. 32Where does the nasolacrimal duct open?Inferior meatus
  33. 33Where does the pharynx start and end?Starts at auditory meatus and ends at the cricoid cartilage
  34. 34Where does the nasopharynx extend from/to?Lies at base of the skull and extends to soft palate
  35. 35Where does the oropharynx lie?Between the soft palate and epiglottis
  36. 36What lies at the sides of the oropharynx?Palatopharyngeal and palatoglossal arches
  37. 37What lies between the two arches at the side of the oropharynx?Palatine tonsils
  38. 38Where does the laryngopharynx lie?Epiglottis and cricoid cartilage
  39. 39At what vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage found and why is this significant?C6 - this is where the trachea also starts
  40. 40What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?Epiglottis, cricoid and thyroid cartilages
  41. 41What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?Arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages
  42. 42What nerve is the larynx innervated by?Vagus nerve
  43. 43What supplies sensory innervation to the glottis and laryngeal vestibule?Superior laryngeal nerve
  44. 44What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscles?External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
  45. 45What do the cricothyroid muscles do?Produce tension and elongation of vocal folds
  46. 46What nerve is the motor innervation of the muscles of the larynx?Recurrent laryngeal nerve
  47. 47What artery supplies the larynx?Thyroid artery
  48. 48What nerve controls the vocal cords?Vagus nerve
  49. 49What is the rima glottidis?Opening between the true vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages
  50. 50What is the name of the smooth muscle at the back of the trachea and what is its function?Trachealis
    Contracts the trachea to reduce the size of the lumen
  51. 51What is the difference between the right and left bronchi?Right bronchi is more vertical and is also shorter and has a wider lumen
  52. 52Where does the trachea bifurcate?Carina - T4/T5 - Manubriosternal angle/Angle of Louis
  53. 53Blood supply of tracheaThyroid and bronchial arteries
  54. 54What is the pump handle movement?When the sternum moves up and down along with the ribs
  55. 55What is the bucket handle movement?When the ribs move up and out
  56. 56What is the name of the precursor of the diaphragm?Septum transversum
  57. 57Where are the lungs formed from embryologically?Foregut of primitive gut tube
  58. 58Name the 4 main embryonic structures from which the diaphragm is formed1. Septum transversum
    2. Pleuroperitoneal membranes
    3. Dorsal mesentary of oesophagus
    4. Mesoderm/myoblasts from body wall
  59. 59What nerve innervates the diaphragm and where does it come from?PHRENIC NERVE
    C3, 4, 5 KEEPS THE DIAPHRAGM ALIVE!
  60. 60What are type I alveolar cells?Simple squamous cells that form a continuous lining of the alveolar wall
  61. 61What are type II alveolar cells?Cells found between type I cells that secrete surfactant to prevent the alveoli from collapsing
  62. 62What are alveolar macrophages?Phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and debris from alveolar spaces
  63. 63Name the defence mechanisms of the respiratory tract1. Humidification of air
    2. Particle expulsion mechanisms
    3. Muco-cilliary escalator
    4. Lysozymes
    5. Immune defence mechanisms
  64. 64What is Boyle's law?Pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container
  65. 65What do the external intercostal muscles do?Elevate the ribs
  66. 66What do the scalene muscles do?Elevate the first 2 ribs
  67. 67What do the pectoralis minor muscles do?Elevate the third through fifth ribs
  68. 68What is the minute ventilation rate?Respiratory rate x Tidal volume
  69. 69What is the tidal volume?Volume of one breath
  70. 70What is the inspiratory reserve volume?Maximal extra amount of air that can be breathed into the lungs at the end of a normal quiet inspiration
  71. 71What is the expiratory reserve volume?Maximal amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal quiet exhalation
  72. 72What is the residual volumeThe amount of air remaining in the lungs after a max expiration
  73. 73What is inspiratory capacity?Total amount of air that can be inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal quiet expiration
  74. 74What is functional residual capacity?Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal quiet expiration
  75. 75What is the vital capacity?The total amount of air that can be breathed in and out of the lungs from maximal inspiration to maximal expiration
  76. 76What is total lung capacity?Total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs
  77. 77What is Dalton's law?Each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if none other were present (partial pressure)
  78. 78What is Henry's law?The quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility
  79. 79What does a right shift of the oxygen disassociation curve indicate?Reduced affinity of Hb for oxygen
  80. 80Under what circumstances would the Hb dissociation curve shift right?Increased PH
    Increased pp of CO2
    Increased temp
    Increased DPG
  81. 81What is the equation of carbon dioxide in the circulatory system?HCO3- + H+ --> H2CO3 --> H2O + CO2
  82. 82What happens during respiratory acidosis?Increased CO2 concentrations. Blood tries to buffer by creating more HCO3- ions. Shifts equilibrium left to buffer and thus increases H+ conc which causes decrease in PH.
  83. 83What is respiratory alkalosis?Hyperventilation causes decreased levels of CO2 as it is exhaled. Equilibrium shifts right to make more CO2 so the concentration of HCO3- is increased to increase PH.
  84. 84What structures are present in the hilum of the lung?Primary bronchus
    Pulmonary artery
    Pulmonary vein
  85. 85What relationship does the bronchus have to the pulmonary artery in the left and right lung?Right lung - pulmonary artery anterior to bronchus
    Left lung - pulmonary artery superior to bronchus
  86. 86Where in the heart is the SAN found?Found in the crista terminalis crest of the right atrium.
  87. 87Through what valve does the right atrium move blood into the right ventricle?Tricuspid valve
  88. 88Through what valve does the left atrium drain blood into the left ventricle?Mitral/bicuspid valve
  89. 89What is the name of the funnel that blood has to travel through to get through the valve to the pulmonary trunk?Infundibulum
  90. 90When do coronary arteries fill?During DIASTOLE
  91. 91What artery is known as the widow maker and why is it known as this?Left anterior descending artery
    If this artery becomes occluded there would be a loss of systemic circulation as it supplies the vast majority of the L side of the heart
  92. 92What is the parasympathetic nerve innervating the heart, what neurotransmitter does it use and what does it do to the heart?Vagus nerve
    Acetylcholine
    Slows heart rate down
  93. 93Where do the sympathetic nerves that supply the heart come from, what neurotransmitter do they use and what do they do to the heart beat?Cervical and thoracic sympathetic ganglia
    Uses noradrenaline as a neurotransmitter
    Speeds up heart rate
  94. 94Why does the action potential in the heart slow at the interatrial septum?Provide time for the atria to empty their blood into the ventricles
  95. 95Where is the AVN located?Interatrial septum
  96. 96What is the pacemaker potential?Slow + increase in voltage across the cell membrane that occurs between the end of one AP and the start of another. This is what determines the rate of firing of the SAN.
  97. 97What innervates the SAN and AVN?Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve
  98. 98What is a chonotropic effect?An effect that alters the RATE of the heart
  99. 99What is an ionotropic effect?An effect that alters the FORCE OF CONTRACTION of the heart
  100. 100What is the P wave on an ECG?Atrial depolarisation. Wave goes from the SA node throughout the atria.
  101. 101What is the QRS complex on an ECG?Ventricular depolarisation
  102. 102What is the T wave on an ECG?Ventricular repolarisation
  103. 103What does the R-R interval represent?One heartbeat to another
  104. 104What is the PR interval?Electrical conduction from the AV node to the ventricle
  105. 105What does the Q wave represent?Depolarisation of the IV septum
  106. 106What does the R wave represent?Depolarisation of the IV septum up to the apex
  107. 107What does the R wave represent?Depolarisation of IV septum up to the apex
  108. 108What is the U wave?Repolarisation of papillary muscle
  109. 109What is the QT interval?Represents total time taken for depolarisation to the repolarisation of the ventricles
  110. 110What differs on an ECG with a patient with AF?No P wave
  111. 111What produces the first heart sound?Closure of the mitral then the tricuspid valve
  112. 112What produces the second heart sound?Closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
  113. 113How do you calculate cardiac output?Stroke volume x heart rate
  114. 114What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch give rise to?Internal carotid artery
  115. 115What does the fourth right pharyngeal arch give rise to?Right subclavian artery
  116. 116What does the fourth left pharyngeal arch form?Arch of the aorta
  117. 117What does the sixth pharyngeal arch give rise to?Left pulmonary artery
  118. 118What does the bulbus cordis turn into?Right ventricle
  119. 119What does the truncus arteriosus form?Aorta and pulmonary artery
  120. 120What does the sinus venosus form?Left atrium
  121. 121What is the ductus arteriosus?Foetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to allow blood to bypass non-functioning lungs.
  122. 122What does the ductus arteriosus become upon closure?Ligamentum arteriosum
  123. 123What are the 4 signs of the Tetralogy of Fallot?1. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis
    2. Overriding aorta
    3. Ventricular septal defect
    4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  124. 124In what layer of a blood vessel are the vasa vasorum found?Adventitia (outermost layer)
  125. 125What 2 factors affect resistance in blood vessels?Blood viscosity and dimensions of the blood vessel
  126. 126What is blood flow proportional too?The 4th power of the radius of the vessel
  127. 127What receptors on blood vessels cause vasoconstriction?Alpha receptors
  128. 128What nerve do impulses of the carotid sinus reflex travel through?Hypoglossal nerve
  129. 129What nerve do impulses from aortic baroreceptors travel through?Vagus nerve
  130. 130What do the kidneys produce in response to low BP and where do they produce these from?Renin from juxtaglomerular cells
  131. 131What does renin do?Converts angiotensin to angiotensin I
  132. 132What does ACE do?Converts ang I to ang II
  133. 133What effect does ang II have?Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels and release of aldosterone
  134. 134What does aldosterone do?Retains salt and water in the kidney which increases BP
  135. 135Where is ADH released from and what does it do?Posterior pituitary gland
    Retains water in response to decreased blood volume/dehydration
  136. 136Why are heart murmurs produced?Turbulent blood flow
  137. 137Why do heart murmurs occur?Due to leaky or narrow valves
  138. 138What does the a on the JVP wave represent?Atrial contraction
  139. 139What does the v represent on the JVP wave?Right ventricle relaxes, tricuspid valve opens
  140. 140What does the c wave tell you on the JVP wave?Onset of ventricular systole (contraction)
  141. 141Where is the apex beat found?5th intercostal space mid clavicular line
  142. 142What does the left coronary artery divide into and what does it supply?Anterior interventricular branch - supplies oxygen to both ventricles
    Circumflex branch - blood to the walls of the left ventricle and atrium
  143. 143What does the right coronary artery divide into and what does it supply?Posterior interventricular branch - supplies blood to the ventricles
    Marginal branches - transport oxygen to the walls of the RV
  144. 144What areas of the heart do the great cardiac veins drain?Left ventricle and atrium and right ventricle
  145. 145What does the middle cardiac vein drain?Left and right ventricles
  146. 146What area of the heart does the small cardiac vein drain?Drains RA and RV
  147. 147What do the cardiac veins drain?Drain the right ventricle and open into the right atrium

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Flashcards on Block 2 Flash Cards - Year 1 , created by alishasruparelia on 28/04/2015.
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