Flashcards
Attachment studies: key researchers and findings
Cards in this deck (27)
- 1Harlow (1959)Gave baby monkey orphans a choice of two wire mums. One cloth covered and one food mother. The monkeys always chose the cloth covered monkey over the wire one meaning it isn't always down to food in attachment, it is also down to comfort.
- 2Schaffer and Emerson (1964)Studied 60 babies from working class homes in Glasgow and found that they weren't always primarily attached to the person who fed them but they were to the most responsive and caring parent.
- 3Lorenz (1952)Found that geese formed an attachment to the first moving thing they saw which suggests that attachment is innate.
- 4Tronick (1992)The babies in this tribe were cared for and even breastfed by other women but still slept in the same bed as their mother. Despite this they still only showed one primary attachment. This shows universality.
- 5Kagan (1984)This temperament hypothesis suggests that how the baby acts (its temperament)determines how the mother is towards the child. Children with a friendly personality are more likely to form an attachment than those with a difficult personality.
- 6Sroufe et alMinnesota longitudinal study.
Studied the continuity hypothesis and found that those who were more securely attached were more likely to be more popular, confident and happier when they grew up. - 7Mary Ainsworth (1969)Babies were studied in a room with squares on the floor to see their movement. There were 8 episode to this study: mother and child play, parent sit and infant plays, mother talks to stranger, mother leave stranger comforts infant, mother enters, mother leaves infant alone, stranger enters and comforts chid, mother enters. These stages look at different aspects that determines attachment type. It looks at separation anxiety, stranger anxiety and proximity seeking.
- 8Hazan and Shaver (1987)Put a love quiz in a magazine, this quiz asked about their attachment as a child and their relationships as adults.
Secure adults positive love experience
Trust others and believe in enduring love.
Insecure avoidant adults Fearful of love
Love isn't lasting or necessary for happiness
Insecure resistant adults preoccupied with love, Fall in love easy but have trouble finding true love. - 9Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg (1988)Done a meta analysis on 32 studies in 8 countries. They wanted to see if there was a difference between cultures. Found that secure attachment was highest in every country but avoidant was next in every country except japan and Israel. Supports the fact that attachment is innate.
- 10Mary Ainsworth (1967)Studied various universals in attachment behaviour. Infants in Uganda showed more secure attachment and mothers of those children showed more sensitivity.
- 11Fox (1997)Most of the children raised in kibbutz were raised in communal homes. The strange situation was used to determine attachment between the infant and the nurse and the mother. The mother still ha the primary attachment.
- 12Grossman and Grossman (1991)Found German infants tend to be classed as insecurely rather than securely attached. may be because they have an individualist culture and independence is promoted so they may not proximity seek.
- 13Takahashi (1990)Done strange situation on Japanese infant and found they are more likely to be securely attached but there was also a high number of insecurely resistant attachments. possibly down tot he collectivist culture they have.
- 14Robertson and Robertson (1973)- Laura & JohnLaura- 8 day hospital stay. alternating between calm and distress, visited occasionally but begged to go home.
John- put in residential care for 9 days while mum gave birth. father visited regular. tried to get attention from other nurses but couldn't get enough. seeks out comfort from big teddy. after few days he gives up and stops eating drinking or playing and cries a lot. - 15Robertson and Robertson- Jane, Lucy, Thomas and KatePlaced in foster care for a few weeks whilst mothers were in hospital. all under 3. high levels of emotional care and had good routines. fathers visited regularly. Adjusted well, showed some signs of distress but didn't reject mother when reunited.
- 16Bohman and Sigvardsson (1979)Studied over 600 adopted children in Sweden. at 11 26% were classed as problem children. 10 years later none were any worse off than the rest of the population. suggests early negative effects reversed.
- 17Bifulco et al (1992)Looked at women who's mothers had separated or died before age of 17. 2x as likely to suffer anxiety or depression when they were adults.
- 18Bowlby (1959)Bowlby interviewed 44 adolescents who were referred to a child protection program in London because of stealing. Bowlby selected another group of 44 children referred to clinic because of emotional problems, but not yet committed any crimes. He interviewed the parents from both groups to state whether their children had experienced separation during the critical period and for how long. More than half of the juvenile thieves had been separated from their mothers for longer than six months during their first five years. only two had had such a separation from the other group. He also found several of the young thieves (32%) showed 'affectionless psychopathy'
- 19Curtiss (1977)- Genie12 years of her life locked in her bedroom. During the day, she was tied to a child's potty chair in diapers; at night, she was bound in a sleeping bag and placed in an enclosed crib with a cover made of metal screening. Indications are that Genie's father beat her if she vocalized, and he barked and growled at her like a dog in order to keep her quiet. He also rarely allowed his wife and son to leave the house or even to speak, and he expressly forbade them to speak to Genie. But Genie didn’t progress the way normal children would do as in she never asked questions, did not understand grammar, and had no advancements in vocabulary.
- 20Koluchova (1976)- Czech twinsbanishing them to the cellar for the next five and a half years and beating them from time to time. The father (who was quite possibly of limited intellectual ability) was for most of the time absent from home because of his job, and the economic condition of the family was far below the average low-working classes. dwarfed in stature, lacking speech, suffering from rickets and did not understand the meaning of pictures. They are said to be entirely stable, lacking abnormalities and enjoying warm relationships. One is a computer technician and the other a technical training instructor.
- 21Hodges and Tizzard (1989)- Institutionalisationfollowed the development of 65 children who had been in residential nurseries from only a few months old. The care provided was of good quality, but carers were discouraged from forming attachments with the children (i.e. privation occurred). By age 4, 24 children were adopted, 15 returned to their natural home (restored), and the rest stayed in institutions. were also compared with a control group, who had spent all their lives in their own families. assessed for social and emotional competence at four, eight and sixteen years old. At four years of age none of the institutionalized children had formed attachments, but by eight years of age those who were adopted had formed good attachments. Also their social and intellectual development was better than that of children returned to their own families.
Those returned to their natural families (restored) showed more behavioral problems and the attachments were weaker. - 22Rutter (2007)Romanian orphans were adopted into British families. Rutter wanted to see if good care could compensate for the privation the children had suffered. Rutter is studying three groups:
Adopted before the age of 6 months. Adopted between 6 months and 2 years. Adopted after the age of two (late adoptees).
By the age of six years children were making very good recoveries, however, those adopted later (older than two years) had a much higher level of disinhibited attachment. In 2007 Rutter returned to the children (then aged eleven years) and found that some had made recoveries but about half of those diagnosed with the condition at the age of six still had it at the age of eleven. - 23Clarke-Stewart et al (1994)children in day care were more advanced in their social development, independence, compliance requests and interactions with their peers.
- 24EPPEchildren who spent longer in day care were rated as more aggressive by adults. mainly under 2 years. higher quality day care can reduce negative effects.
- 25NICHDMore time in day care more they were rated as aggressive. full time 3x more likely to have behavioural problems.
- 26Belsky and Rovine (1988)20 hr or more of day care more likely to be insecurely attached at home.
- 27Fieldmore time in day care positively correlated wit amount of friends they had when they went to school.
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