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Flashcards

B&B TB8

ginakc22 English 131 cards

Cards in this deck (131)

  1. 1What kind of damage did Patient HM have?He had a bilateral medial temporal lobotomy to treat his epilepsy which means the anterior part of his hippocampus was removed bilaterally.
  2. 2What kind of memory problems did Patient HM have?Dense anterograde amnesia, some retrograde amnesia (11 years before surgery) but childhood memories were preserved.
  3. 3What is anterograde amnesia?Recent memories, since the damage, new learning.
  4. 4What is retrograde amnesia?Old memories, typically before the damage occured.
  5. 5Name the possible causes of amnesia.Herpes simplex encephalitis, anoxia, head injury, Korkasoff's syndrome, Alzheimers, malnutrition, viral infection or a heart attack.
  6. 6What was wrong with patient EP? And what was the cause?Had amnesia following herpes simplex.
  7. 7Describe the symptoms of EP's amnesia.He could copy drawing and repeat back showing that is STM was preserved but he didn't consciously remember visitors.
  8. 8What did Clive Wearing have and what were his symptoms?He had dense amnesia folling herpes simplex and he thought he was always regaining consciousness and his STM was 20 seconds.
  9. 9Where can the hippocampus be found?Within the medial temporal lobe (within the limbic system).
  10. 10What is the fornix?A major output of the hippocampus.
  11. 11What are mammillary bodies?The gateway from the fornix to the thalamus, and are greatly impaired in amnesia.
  12. 12What is impaired in amnesia?Verbal and visual learning with conscious recollection.
  13. 13What is preserved in amnesia?STM, previously aquired facts, implicit memory, motor learning and perceptual priming.
  14. 14Paired associate learning is an example of what kind of learning?Verbal Learning.
  15. 15What is the Rey Figure comparison task and what is it a test of?See a picture, copy it straight away and again after a delay and it is example of visual learning.
  16. 16Is verbal learning impaired or preserved in amnesia?Impaired.
  17. 17Is visual learning impaired or preserved in amnesia?Impaired.
  18. 18Is STM impaired or preserved in amnesia?Preserved.
  19. 19Is semantic information impaired or preserved in amnesia? What does this suggest about the nature of the hippocampus?Preserved suggesting the hippocampus is not a store.
  20. 20Is implicit memory impaired or preserved in amnesia? Give an example of this.Preserved- Classical conditioning, pin prick handshake.
  21. 21Is motor learning impaired or preserved in amnesia? Give an example of this.Preserved- mirror drawing task, although they don't remember doing it they improve with practice.
  22. 22Is priming impaired or preserved in amnesia? Give an example.Preserved- fragmented words, although they have no recollection of doing this the improve each time.
  23. 23Eposodic and semantic memories are examples of...?Declarative/explicit memory.
  24. 24Procedural memory, perceptual priming and classical conditioning are all examples of...?Non-declarative/implicit memory.
  25. 25The ..... is crucial for conscious retrieval but not important for encoding, rehersal or LTM.Hippocampus.
  26. 26The familiar character of an experience comes from the ...Anterior temporal lobes.
  27. 27The object from an experience comes from the...Inferior temporal cortex.
  28. 28The place from an experience comes from the...Parahippocampal place area.
  29. 29All parts of an experience are combined in the ... and if damaged retrieval is not possible.Hippocampus.
  30. 30Give the definition of memory.A series of processes whereby the nervous system acquires info from new experiences, retains it and overtime uses it to guide behaviour and plan future actions.
  31. 31What is encoding?Whereby experiences can alter memory traces changing the strength or number of synaptic connections.
  32. 32What is retrieval?Accessing stored memory traces maybe leading to a change in behaviour.
  33. 33What is storage?The retention of memory over a long period of time requiring consolidation processes.
  34. 34What are memory systems?Groups of memory processes and associated brain regions that interact to mediate performance. Does NOT imply each memory task measures a single memory system.
  35. 35LTM is split into which two kinds of memory?Declarative and non-declarative.
  36. 36What damage did KC have and what were the results on his memory?He had a head injury and showed servere impairment in WM (the opposite of HM). Antero and retrograde amnesia (eposodic) His declarative memory was spared (semantic).
  37. 37What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory?Declarative is explicit and non-declarative is implicit.
  38. 38Medial temporal lobe amnesia would impair which kind of memory?Declarative but not non-declarative memory.
  39. 39What damage did patient MS have and what were the consequences of this?His right occipital regions were removed so he had impaired non-declarative memory and was blind is his left VF.
  40. 40Left temperoparietal damage disrupts what kind of memory?Working memory- declarative memory is spared.
  41. 41Change in the processing of a stimulus due to the previous encounter with the same or a related stimulus is...Priming.
  42. 42Simple responses to associations between stimuli requires repeated learning trails. This is...Conditioning.
  43. 43The hippocampus... Inputs via the ? -> associations between ? and ? fields -> outputs via ?Dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3 fields, subiculum.
  44. 44Hebb's Theory (1949) said..Memories are stored in connections between neurons (cell assemblies).
  45. 45"Cells that fire together wire together" is an example of what kind of learning?Hebbian learning.
  46. 46Explain LTP short term changes.Increase in receptor density and neurotransmitter release. Glutamate is released which binds to receptors blocking mag. ions. During depolorization mag. is released leading to the entry of calcium ions into NDMA, driving changes.
  47. 47What is NMDA?A coincidence detector.
  48. 48What LTP changes occure long term?The enlargement/division of the synapse and the formation of new dendritic spikes.
  49. 49Structural changes in LTP are an example of...Synaptic consolidation.
  50. 50Name 4 features of LTP.1) Learning after 1 experience- induced by a single high frequency
    2) Durable- it makes changes that last several weeks
    3) Specificity- associates memories but still keeps them seperate
    4) Associativity- all elements are bound (weak and strong)
  51. 51Tonegawa removed the NDMA receptors in CA1 of mice. What was the effects?They had impaired spatial memory (Morris water maze) but they could do some learning (classical conditioning)- like amnesics.
  52. 52What are the three main theories of hippocampal coding?Cog. map (place cells), eposodic memory and relational memory.
  53. 53Where can place cells be found?The hippocampus (mainly posterior).
  54. 54What is the cognitive map theory?The hippocampus provides an internal map that codes for spatial relations between objects and the environment.
  55. 55Ekstrom et al (2003) found what percentage of neurons that respond to specific location where in the hippocampus?25%.
  56. 56Why might eposodic memory be so badly impaired in amnesics (in accordance to the hippocampal theories)?Eposodic memories occur in spatial locations, and this is impaired meaning reconstructing the environment (mental time travel) is impaired.
  57. 57Why might relational memory be so badly impaired in amnesics (in accordance to the hippocampal theories)?Individual associations can be made but inferences cannot- as with Eichenbaum and Cohen's mice.
  58. 58The posterior hippocampus has more input from the...Parahippocampal cortex meaning more place cells.
  59. 59The anterior hippocampus has more input from...The amygdala and perihinal cortex and therefore holds more emotional memories.
  60. 60Who coined the term engram and what does it mean?Semon and it refers to physical and biological chemical changes underlying memory storage in the brain (memory traces)
  61. 61How can we simplify memory investigations?By looking at organisms with fewer neurons/behaviours.
  62. 62Kendal et al found the sea slug has a very basic CNS but still showed what kinds of behaviours?It withdrew when touched showing habituation and sensitisation- basic learning abilites.
  63. 63What is long term depression?Synaptic inhibition (counterbalancing synaptic potentiation)- low frequency stimulation over a long period of time.
  64. 64What is behavioural LTP?Change in synaptic efficiency simular to LTP that follows a natural learning experience.
  65. 65Give an example of behavioural LTP. (Clue: rats)Rats raised in an enriched environment show enhanced post synaptic potentials in learning.
  66. 66Maintenance of memory over a long period of time requires...Gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins.
  67. 67Describe the synaptic morphology of learning.The dendritic spines recieve exitatory input from other neurons and the length/diameter of the stem of the spine change and new spines may emerge/disappear.
  68. 68Recollection and familiarity are involved in which type of memory?Eposodic memory.
  69. 69Describe the process of remembering a recent memory.Retrieval cue -> hippocampal index -> distributed memory traces -> remembering the original event.
  70. 70Describe the process of remembering a remote memory.Retrieval cue -> (bypasses the hippocampus) direct associations with the cortical traces.
  71. 71Which region links info when encoding and guides search for retrieval?The Prefrontal region.
  72. 72What 3 features of decalrative memory loss (following brain damage) can the simple neurological model account for?1) Lession- small lesions = mild damage
    2) Cortical damage can rpoduce selective memory loss but medial temporal damage is global
    3) Medial temporal damage tends to produce antero and retrograde amnesia whilst sparing remote events
  73. 73Patient AM had left anterior temporal atrophy, which gave him semantic dementia, what symptoms did he show?Impaired on nonverbal semantic knowledge tests but normal on nonverbal eposodic memory tasks.
  74. 74Amnesia and semantic dementia suggest the hippocampus is more critical for ? memory and the left anterior temporal lobe for ? memory.Eposodic.
    Semantic.
  75. 75'Remember' responses produce more activity than 'known' reponses in the...Hippocampus.
  76. 76What is the 2 process theory of memory?The hippocampus = slow and for relational/spatial memory
    The perhinal cortex = fast and info based (activity here decreases as the memory becomes more familiar).
  77. 77Describe the 3 process theory of memory.Para-hippocampal cortex = memory of spatial layouts
    Perihinal cortex = memory of objects
    Hippocampus = intergrates the 2
  78. 78Give 2 advantages of the 3 process theory of memory.1) It accounts for familiarity and recollection
    2) It makes a distinctio between the perihi (ventral) and para hippocampal (dorsal) cortex- supports anatomical evidence
  79. 79Damage to which area causes semantic dementia?The anterior temporal lobes.
  80. 80What are the symptoms of SD?Progressive loss of conceptual knowledge, poor recognition of objects/words.
  81. 81What is preserved in SD? What does this show?Eposodic memory- a double dissociation with semantic memory.
  82. 82? encodes and recreates unique multimodal experiences (eposodic).Hippocampus.
  83. 83? extracts the similarities between multimodal experiences (semantic).ATL.
  84. 84What is parallel distributed processing (PDP)?Computer simulations of learning- units which learn through connections which have different strengths/weights.
  85. 85Explain how the hippocampus and the neocortex are an example of a complementary earning system.The hippocampus is fast as autoassociative and the neocortex is slow and prevents interference.
  86. 86How does the PDP model of hippocampal learning work?Fast weight changes to associate elements of an experience together- reactivates and strengthens weights = learning.
  87. 87How does the PDP model of semantic learning work?Hidden units show more similar activation patterns patterns for more similar concepts.
  88. 88Impairments making distinctions at a specific level is typical of...Semantic Dementia.
  89. 89A dissociation between impaired new eposodic learning and preserved aquired semantic knowledge is typical of...Amnesia.
  90. 90What is the difference between Squire and Tulving's ideas?Squire= eposodic then semantic
    Tulving = eposodic vs. semantic
  91. 91Inhibition of protein synthesis (following LTP) disrupts memory for approx how long?1 hour.
  92. 92Hippocampal lesions disrupts memory for approx how long?28 days.
  93. 93What does the temporal gradient in amnesia refer to?Poorer retrograde amnesia for more recent events than distant ones (childhood memories preserved).
  94. 94What is the temporal gradient in SD?The opposite to amnesia-shows a double dissociation.
  95. 95What is the 'standard model' for memory?Older memories may become more reliant on neocortex and less reliant on the hippocampus following consolidation.
  96. 96Is retrieval impaired before or after consolidation in amnesia?Before.
  97. 97SWS is important for what kind of memory consolidation?Declarative memory consolidation.
  98. 98How did Marshall et al (06) boost verbal learning in SWS?Used a small electrical current to cause slight depolorization matching pulses of SWS.
  99. 99What is developmental amnesia and how might it occur?Bilateral hippocampal damage- perhaps from hypoxia.
  100. 100What is preserved and impaired in developmental amnesia?Impaired= verbal and non-verbal learning
    Preserved= working memory and semantic learning (enthorinal cortex spared)
  101. 101Does activity increase or reduce in the default mode network when given a task?Reduce- switched on when not doing a task (reduction network).
  102. 102What are the pros and cons of automatic retrieval?Pros= fast, easy, context sensitive and adaptive
    Cons= may lead to absent mindedness and/or unwanted thoughts
  103. 103The VLPFC is also known as...LIFG or Brocas area.
  104. 104What are the 2 main processes of the VLPFC?1) Biases ongoing processes in favour of relevant representations
    2) Controls access to internally stored knowledge- chosing the right memory
  105. 105What has been found about the VLPFC in amnesics?It is normal in amnesics as it is for encoding not storing.
  106. 106What is retroactive interference?New learning interfers with old memory (eg. new mobile number).
  107. 107What is proactive interference?Old learning interfers with new memory (eg. normal parking spot).
  108. 108What is sementic overlap?Interference of a similar word- activation in the VLPFC as people experience competition.
  109. 109The anterior VLPFC is involved in...Deciding what to retrieve- controlled semantic retrieval.
  110. 110The posterior VLPFC is involved in...Selecting between 2 alternatives and implementing goals.
  111. 111What are the main findings of Retrieval Induced Forgetiing (RIF)?Practicing strengthens one assocation and weakens another.
  112. 112What were the neural basis findings for RIF?Repeated retrieval reduced activation of the VLPFC- activation goes down as effort to recall goes down.
  113. 113What are a few pratical implications of RIF?Studying, eye-witness and socailly mediated RIF.
  114. 114What did Freud believe the reason for forgetting was?Things that are threatening need to be repressed which happends unconsciously/automatically.
  115. 115What is the more modern view on forgetting?Supression is a conscious thing as is goal driven.
  116. 116What is behavioural control and what task can be used to measure it?Controlling actions based on goals- measured in the Go/No-go task.
  117. 117What is cognitive control and what task can be used to measure it?Flexibly controlling thoughts in accordance with goals- can be measured with the Think/No-think task.
  118. 118Supression in the No-think condition causes what kind of activation?Reduction in activity in the hippocampus and increased activity in the PFC.
  119. 119What do the results of the Think/No-think task show us about the supression of memories?We can selectively supress memories and they then become less available to us.
  120. 120What is found in PTSD anf the VLPFC?Patients have difficulty using the VLPFC to supress these emotive memories.
  121. 121What is confabulation?Failure to inhibit irrelevant thoughts/memories- elemenst may be joint in a false memory.
  122. 122Damage in SD is typically to...The ATL.
  123. 123Damage in sematic aphasia is typically to...Th VLPFC.
  124. 124What is semantic dementia?Loss of semantic memory- picture naming may be very general.
  125. 125What is semantic aphasia?Deregulated semantic retrieval- dominated by strong associations even if they irrelevant- picture naming errors may be associative (but aided with cues).
  126. 126How quickly do brain cells start to die without oxygen?4-6 minutes.
  127. 127Why are the effects of hypoxia particulary servere to the hippocampus?It uses a lot of oxygen.
  128. 128What is Korsakoffs syndrome and what are the possible effects?Long term alcoholism- thiamine (vitamin B) deficency, damage to mamillary bodies and PFC. Problems beyond pure amnesia- behavioural changes, retrieval and formation problems.
  129. 129Which test can be used to distinguish between memory disorders from storage deficits and retrieval deficits?Paired associate learning- if encoding is imapired they cannot recall even with cues, but if it is just retrieval then cues will help.
  130. 130In a logical memory task the patient may hear a story and then be asked to recall it after a delay. The number of ? units are counted.Idea units.
  131. 131How does the autobiographical memory interview work? What are the results in healthy and amnesic patients?Asked to come up with a memory from their own life from a cue word and then they count the no. of memories recalled for each decade. Both show a reminiscence bump in early adulthood, but amnesics recall a lot less.

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Flashcards on B&B TB8, created by ginakc22 on 15/05/2015.
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