Flashcards
D&L TB8
Cards in this deck (107)
- 1? theories = core concepts. People such as Liz Spelke believe...Nativist theories- We are born into the world knowing key concepts eg. a basic sense of geometry.
- 2? theories = neocontructivism. People such as Scott Johnson and Piaget believe...We are born as a blank slate and the first few months are key for collecting concepts.
- 3What did Quinn find with 3 month old infants and perceptual cues (geometric form)?The infants spent more time looking at the novel stimulus meaning they had remembered what thye had seen previously- formed 2 categories.
- 4What 4 type of perceptual cues might infants use to form categories?1) Basic visual features (shape, colour etc)
2) Higher level visual features (spatial configuration etc)
3) Auditory cues (voice, phenetic info, animal sounds etc)
4) Other perceptual cues (texture etc) - 5What age does binding shape features occur?4-5 months.
- 6What age does binding colour features occur?11 months.
- 7Describe the differences in semantic category across the first year (according to Eimas and Quinn).3 month olds- can see the difference between cat/horses but not cat/female lion showing categories are broad.
6 months- they can discriminate them all. - 8Oakes et al habituated children to simular/dissimular land animals and tested them on novel exemplar, novel category or novel objects and found...With dissimular animal group toys they didn't notice they were part of the same category as before- they hadn't formed a group.
- 9What was the main finding of Plomkin et al's experiment on the use of language to form categories? How was this found?Language overrides perception- those that habituated to the narrow set with the wrong lables did not dissociate between categories.
- 10At what age did Phillips et al find children could and couldn't pass the predicting behaviour on the basis of desire task (2 cats and an actor)?8 months- looking time not affected
12 months- sig longer looking at the inconsistent test. - 11How did Hadwin and Perner test childrens skills coordinating FB with other mental states? (Clue: smarites)Were shown a Smarties tube and then shown it had pencils in. Had to predict how another child would react when they saw the Smarties tube (not knowing it didn't have sweets in).
- 12At what age did Apperly and Robinson find children still struggle with dual identity tasks (eg. substitutions- tie/present?)Still struggled up to age 5-6 years old.
- 13How did Onishi and Baillargeon sugest children as young as 15 months, who would fail FB tasks, might have a sense of false belief?Actor puts watermelon in a box and someone else searches for it in the other box- look at this sig longer.
- 14Dumontheil et al found accuracy in the director condition of a TOM tasks continues to improve... and in the non-director condition ...After 17 years old and up to 17 years old.
- 15What did Hume say was "the cement of the universe"?Causality- causal connections unite discrete events into coherant wholes.
- 16At what age can infants reproduce casually related and unrelated actions?Related- 9-11 months
Unrelated- 20-22 months - 17By what age can infants infer the causal impact of one variable based on indirectly relevant info about another?2 years old.
- 18Sobel and Kirkhan used blicket detectors and found...19 month olds chose A as much as B
By 24 months they chose B more- they made inferences - 19Diamond found that 4 month olds could correctly reach for a hidden object after ? seconds but not after ?After 2 seconds but not after 4-
By 12 months they can do it after 10 seconds. - 20At what stage does Paiget suggest children form egocentric reps?Sensorimotor period.
- 21By ? years old children can represent an objects positon in relation yo multiple landmarks.5 years old.
- 22We may have a sense of time from as young as...3-4 months.
- 236 month olds cannot discriminate a time ratio of ? but 10 month olds can.1.5:1
- 24Children as young as ? can infer that if 2 events started at the same time and 1 finishes first, the other lasted longer- in simple cases.5 years old.
- 25Infants as young as ? may have numerical equality.5 months.
- 26What did Gelman and Gallistel suggest the 5 principles of counting were?1) 1-1 correspondance
2) Stable order
3) Cardinality (no. of objects= last no.)
4) Order relevance
5) Abstraction - 27Overlapping brain regions in the ? sulcus are involved in understandings of space, time and number.Intraparietal sulcus.
- 28What does 'soft core' info processing refer to?A computer as a metaphor for thought using experimental methods.
- 29What does 'hardcore' info processing refer to?A computer simulation of thought modelling human behaviour.
- 30Ruff and Capozolli looked at the role of attention across which 3 age groups? What were the 4 distractor types?10 months, 26 months and 42 months.
None, auditory, visual or both. - 31Ruff and Capozolli looked at how intensely the children played with the toys. What were there 5 main findings?1) Diff ages respond diff to single/mulitiple conditions
2) Decrease in causal and increase in setled and fixed attention with age
3) In session diff ages rely on diff attentions
4) Attention is broken diff across ages
5) 42 months least distractable in focused attention. - 328 month olds can rememeber: Toys they have played with for more than ? Speech sounds for ? Smell of their mother for ?More than 5 minutes
Speech sound for 24 hours
Mothers smell for 12 hours - 33What did Rose find with the LTM for encoding using familiarisation tasks?VPC task- faster encoding = less familiarisation time (older children).
- 34What did Fagan find with the LTM for encoding using stimulus complexity?5-6 month olds had no problem encoding all patterns.
- 35What did Hartshorn find with the LTM for storage and the retention phase?2 month olds cannot retain information
6 month olds can retain info for about 2 weeks - 36What did Coyle and Bjorklund find with the LTM for retreival using common strategies?Rehersal, oraganisation and elaboration all differ across time- use more statgies as you get older.
- 37How did Kaldy and Leslie suggest the STM in 6 month old infants can only store a single object representation?When the 2 objects were shown, occluded and then revealed different they looked for longer. But when the occluders were moved 1 at a time they did not look sig longer.
- 38What are the 3 ways Bjorklund and Harnishfeger suggest problem solving takes place?1) Prediction and Planning
2) Analogy
3) Use of cog tools - 39Goswami found children of what age could use an analogy if placed in a story context?3 or 4 years old.
- 40Problem solving improves over time due to...Executive functions and world knowledge/experience assessing consequences of your actions.
- 41Name 3 strengths of info processing theories.1) Ability to express the complexity of thought
2) Precise analysis of performance and change
3) Rigourous methodology - 42Name 4 weaknesses of info processing theories.1) Shortcoming of models/methaphors
2) Reliance of speed processing- not accurate when testing children
3) Computer models of behaviour can be circular
4) Neglect context of behaviour - 43What are the 5 major components in learning to read?1) Understanding alphabetic ideas
2) Understanding letter-sound patterns
3) Learning to read outloud fluently
4) Expanding vocab
5) Comprehension- extracting meaning - 44What are the 6 reading stages suggested by Chall?0) Prereading (0-6)- foundational skills
1) Initial reading & decoding (6-7)- letter sound knowledge
2) Confirmation & fluency (7-8)- context
3) Reading to learn (8-13)
4) Multiple viewpoints (14-18)
5) Construction & reconstruction (18+) - 45? may have problems with rapidly changing sensory stimuli.Dyslexics.
- 46Which genes effecting neural migration may cause dyslexia when mutated?DCDC2 and KIAA0319.
- 47We see rapidly increased understanding of maps and models at age...2-3 years.
- 48What are the 3 components of Sternbergs Triatic theory of successful intelligence?1) Analytic abilities- eg. linguistic, mathmatical, spatial etc
2) Pratical abilites- eg. reasoning problems
3) Creative abilities- eg. reasoning in novel situations - 49How was Howard Gardners Multiple intelligences different from Sternbergs theory?He suggested 3 types of intelligence wasn't enough- added in more eg. interpersonal, visual/spatial, rhythmic, naturalistic etc.
- 50What is the equation for IQ?IQ = MA/CA x100
- 51What are th top 4 ways to test infants intelligence?1) Bayley scales of infant development (BSID) - 1 month- 3.5 years
2) Fagan test of infant intelligence- new and old faces (for v young infants)
3) Stanford-Binest test- higher functions
4) Wechsler intelligence scales- most widely used for children over 6 - 52The Wechsler intelligence scales test ? comprehension and ? reasoning.Verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning.
- 53For infant tests of intelligence there is poor consistancy between ? scores and later development, but it is good from ?+<5, good from 5+.
- 54How did McGue find a genetic contribution for intelligence?As you go down in genetic relationship, the correlation goes down too. MZ is still not 1 though. As the infant gets older the genetic influence gets stronger.
- 55Describe passive, evocative and active genotype- environment interactions ion intelligence.Passive- the environment conducive to promoting certain phenotype
Evocative - phenotype emerges through influence on others behaviours
Active- child chooses the environment they enjoy - 56Who developed Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)?Caldwell and Bradley (79).
- 57A positive correlation enetween HOME scores at age ? and ? at age ?HOME scores at age 2 and IQ score at age 11- if HOME scores tend to be stable then IQ tends to be stable.
- 58Intellecutual performance can be improved by developing...., the core ability being...Developing cognitive processes, the core ability being working memory.
- 59What are the 6 main principles to identify and address workign memory problems in the classroom?1) Recognition of WM problems
2) Monitoring
3) Evaluate WM loads
4) Reduce WM loads
5) Repeat information
6) Memory aids/strategies - 60? effects planning, allocation of mental resources and processes to explore tasks.Cognitive control/executive function.
- 61What does the 'Tools of Mind' curriculum in the US seek to develop? Activities are designed to...Executive function- designed to focus attention on controlling ones own activites.
- 62What 3 broad approaches can theories of learning fit into?Behaviourist, constructivist and cognitive.
- 63? approach to learning puts emphasis on the childs own involvement in their learning. ? and ? were two of the main theorists in this.Constructivist- Piaget and Vygotsky.
- 64Name 3 disorders accompanied by serious intellectual deficits.1) Down-ssyndrome- chromosomal
2) Phenylketonuria (PKU)- lack a specific enzyme
3) Fragile X syndrome- chromosomal - 65What IQ is classed as mild, moderate, servere and profound retardation?Mild 55-70
Moderate 40-54
Servere 25-39
Profound 20-24 - 66Mild retardation makes up about ?% of all cases of mental retardation.85%- 90%
- 67Bellugi and Pinker were both involved in what kind of genetics? What does this mean?Cognitive genetics- cog modules are affected in geentic disorders so we can make inferences about which genes are involved.
- 68Karmiloff-Smith was a big name in ? What does this mean?Neocontructivism- expression of genes and cog abilties which unfold overtime- it is difficult to asses if a cog deficit is from the genes or environment.
- 69What is the prevelance of Williams Beurens Syndrome?1 in 20,000 births.
- 70What are main physical characteristics of Williams Beurens Syndrome?Facial dysmorphia, premature aging of skin, hoarse voice, 50% cross-eyed.
- 71What are the main behavioural characteristics of Williams Beurens Syndrome?Overfreindly, empathetic, overactive, poor communication, intact language but impaired math and spatial skills.
- 72What is the average IQ range for Williams Beurens Syndrome?40-90.
- 73Williams Beurens Syndrome is from a deletion of around ? genes from chromosone ?20 genes from chromosone 7 (proteins for brain development).
- 74What kind of syndrome show imapired TOM abilities and cannot distinguish between lies and ironic jokes?Williams Beurens Syndrome.
- 75Williams Beurens Syndrome are ? at global organisation and down- syndrome are ? at global organisation.Poor, good.
- 76In the new American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) they suggested descriptions of the 4 levels were necessary. What are these 4 levels?Based on the level of support needed- intermittent, limited, extensive and pervasive.
- 77Cipani suggested an additional method of classification in the educational system for ID. What were these 3 levels and the associated aprrox IQs?1) Educable ID (IQ 50-75)
2) Trainable ID (IQ 30-50)
3) Servere ID (IQ below 30) - 78What effect has the Flynn effect had on the diagnosis of such things as ID?As IQ goes up generally it means IQ tests needs to be made harder as it could mean the difference between someone being diagnosed and not.
- 79How many genes have been linked as possible contributors to ID?Approx 300.
- 80Serever ID is often linke to.... such as ....Single gene disorders such as dominant, recessive or X-linked.
- 8160% of people with ? have ID.Tuberous sclerosis.
- 82Lesch-Nykan syndrome is an ... and symptoms include. Only ? are affected.X linked disorder
Symptoms- cerebral palsy, self injourous behaviour and ID
Only affects males (females can be carriers) - 83What are the chances of mother having a DS syndrome child at age 20, 35 and 45?20- 1 in 2,000
35- 1 in 500
45- 1 in 18 - 84What might the characteristics of a male with Fragile X syndrome be?ID, hyperactivity, short attention span, gaze avoidance, repetative speech, large ears/testicles/head.
- 85Fragile X syndrome effects apporx how many men and women?1 in 4,000 men and 1 in 8,000 women.
- 86Familiar ID has no obvious... and is more likely caused by....Genetic/physical disorder- cog impairments come from psychosocial and biological influences.
- 87The treatment for mild ID is simular to that for...Learning disorders.
- 88How did Suvrathan et al suggest a potential medical intervention for Fragile X syndrome?Genetically modified mice which modelled it- could improve the functioing of some glutamate receptors in the amygdala with a drug showing more normal functioning between neurons.
- 89A memory strategy in which one adds to information to make it more meaningful is known as...Elaboration.
- 90The application of a strategy learned during problem solving to a novel situation is known as ?Generalisation.
- 91A mental representation of a daily-life event is known as a ?Script.
- 92A mental representation of a daily-life event is known as a ?Script.
- 93A mental arrangement of things along a quantitative dimension is known as ?Transitive inference.
- 94Knowledge about knowing/knowledge is called ?Metacognition.
- 95The overlapping waves theory by Siegler suggests that children become better problem solvers over time because...they are able to flexibly implement multiple strategies to solve one problem.
- 96What is a microsystem?Institutions and people that directly influence the childs dev eg. teachers, parents etc.
- 97What is a mesosytem?Interconnections of microsystems- interactions between peers, parents, teachers, schooling etc.
- 98What is an exosystem?The individuals immediate context- they do not play an active role in it eg. social wealth etc.
- 99What is a macrosystem?The culture.
- 100What is a chronosystem?Environmental events/transitions that change over the course of a life eg. divorce.
- 101Three-Stratum Theory was created by...Carroll.
- 102Triarchic Theory was created by ?Sternberg.
- 103What can be used can be used to detect developmental disorders fairly reliably?Infants' scores on age-appropriate tests of intelligence.
- 104A six year old has a low IQ and enjoys sitting in the corner alone, where she arranges her toys and or spins around in circles. She is unable to communicate verbally. She throws temper tantrums when her routine is even slightly changed. What would you suggest he has?Autistic disorder.
- 105At an early age this boy became preoccupied with geography and could name all of the state capitals. His speech development is not delayed, but he does not like to be touched by other children. What would you suggest he has?Asperger's disorder.
- 106At the age of 5 this young boy's motor and language skills suddenly began to regress dramatically. What would you suggest he has?Childhood disintegrative disorder.
- 107A 6 year old girl does not entirely avoid social interactions, but she experiences many problems in communicating and dealing with people. What would you suggets she has?Pervasive developmental disorder.
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- Flashcards on D&L TB8, created by ginakc22 on 23/05/2015.
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