Flashcards

SL1001

Hannah McCullagh English 200 cards

Cards in this deck (200)

1What is Communication?Sharing information between two or more people; the transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of a listener
2How many communication processes are there and what are they?4:
Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension
3What is Formulation?The process of organising thoughts, ideas or feelings; involves language (cognition)
4How many modalities of communication are there and what are they?2:
Symbolic = speech, written, signing
Non-symbolic = gestures, pictures, facial expressions
5What is the purpose of communication?Instructions, ask for something, tell stories, enquire, express feelings and opinions, provide information
6How many types of feedback are there and what are they?3:
Linguistic - speaking, writing
Non-linguistic - eye contact, facial expression, proximity, posture
Paralinguistic (suprasegmental) - loudness, pausing, rhythm, intonation, pitch
7What is Grice's four maxims?Quantity - not enough of the right information or too much
Quality - information is accurate
Relevance - appropriate for the situation and relationship
Manner - fluent, appropriate turn taking, pausing, volume, intonation, non-verbal communication
8What is communication difference?Communication patterns that differ from the majority due to a person's varied linguistic and cultural background; no breakdown in use of first/home language or dialect
9Name the ranges of practice.Voice, swallowing, speech, language, fluency and multi-modal communication
10Define language.The communication of ideas or feelings using a structured, rule-based system of sounds, words, signs or symbols
11Define context in relation to language.Meaning of language
12Define form in relation to language.How sounds, words, and sentences are organised
13Define use in relation to language.How language is used functionally for meeting personal and social needs
14After what age does the majority of speech disorders in adults occur?65
15How is the Model of Speech Production structured?Perceptual target
Motor plan
Speech output
16What problems does dysarthria cause?Problems with muscle tone, reflex and movement
17What problems does apraxia cause?Problems planning speech movements
18Define Swallowing.The movement of food or drink through the mouth, to the throat to the stomach
19What may problems with swallowing result in?Choking, lung infections, failure to thrive and/or death
20Define Fluency.The ability to speak smoothly and easily without disruption
21What may be signs of problems with fluency?Breaks in continuity of speech and/or repetition or prolongation of sounds, blocks in air flow
22Define Multimodal.The use of a combination of 2 or more communication modes that enables a person with a communication disorder to communicate to the best of his/her ability
23What is Transmission?Process of conveying thoughts, ideas or feelings to others; involves speech (or writing or sign)
24What is Reception?Process of receiving the information from another person; involves hearing (or reading or viewing)
25What is Comprehension?Process of making meaning from the message; involves language (and cognition)
26Define Modality.Manner in which communication is transmitted and received
27What is Receptive language?Input; Reception and Comprehension
28What is Expressive language?Output; Formulation and Transmission
29Define Communication Disorder.A breakdown in...
- one or more phases of the communication processes
- one or more of Grice's maxims for effective communication
When compared to others of the same language, dialect and cultural background
30What are the two types of Stage of Onset?Developmental - identified as children grow and develop
Acquired - appear later in life, after a period of normal development
31How many domains (components) of language are there and what are they?3:
Content
Form
Use
32Define Language Disorders.Breakdown in the linguistic system affecting one or more of the phases of the communication process, modalities or domains of language
33Define Speech.The physical production (articulation) of sounds in spoken words used in a language
34Define Articulation.Physical production of sounds using movement of the soft palate, tongue, teeth, lips and jaw
35Define Speech Disorders.Breakdown in speech production due to problems with articulation and/or phonology
36Define Voice.The sound produced in the larynx (voice box) that is created by expired air passing over the vocal cords and causing them to vibrate
37Define Audition.The perception of speech
38Define Instrumental Communication.Used to ask for something (e.g. "I would like the shrimp, please")
39Define Regulatory Communication.Used to give directions and to direct others (e.g. "You need to take a right here")
40Define Interactional Communication.Used to interact and converse with others in a social way (e.g. "What did you think of the game yesterday?")
41Define Personal Communication.Used to express a state of mind or feelings about something (e.g. "I am just furious about this!")
42Define Heuristic Communication.Used to find out information and to inquire (e.g. "Do you know when this dam was built?")
43Define Imaginative Communication.Used to tell stories and to role-play (e.g. "If I had a million dollars, I would...")
44Define Informative Communication.Used to provide an organised description of an event or object (e.g. "What happened was, we got to the game, and then it began to rain...")
45How many communication functions are there?7
46Define Content.Refers to the meaning of language - the words we use and the meaning behind them. Content is conveyed through our vocabulary system, or lexicon, as we select and organize words to express our ideas or to understand what others are saying
47Define Disorder.Impairment
48Define Feedback.Information provided by the receiver to the sender (in effective communication, feedback is continually provided by the receiver and the sender responds to this feedback)
49Define Hearing.(audition) the perception of sound; applied to the communication process, audition involves specifically the perception of speech
50Define Paralinguistic.The study of vocal signals beyond the basic verbal message of speech (e.g. grunting, sighing)
51Define Perception.The processing of human speech; is different from auditory perception as perception is the processing of any type of auditory information or sound
52Define Phonology.(form) the rules of language governing the sounds we use to make syllables and words (e.g. sounds used to create words -/p/)
53Define Pragmatics.(use) the rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes (e.g. huge in autism - trouble interacting socially with others)
54Define Productivity.The principle of combination, specifically the combination of a small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite novel creations. With a relatively small set of rules governing language, humans are capable of producing an endless number of ideas and new constructions
55Define Morphology.(form) the rules of language governing the internal organisation of words or how words are built and modified to change (e.g. -ed as in 'walked')
56Define Motor.The muscular control associated with producing speech
57Define Non-Verbal/Non-Linguistic.Communication that doesn't involve language (gestures, signs, body language, eye contact, etc.)
58Define Semantics.(content) the rules of language governing the meaning of individual words and word combinations (e.g. someone who has an issue with semantics doesn't understand a truck is not the same as a train)
59Define Syntax.(form) the rules of language governing the internal organisation of sentences (e.g. someone who has an issue with syntax doesn't structure sentences normally and puts nouns in the wrong place i.e. Puppy I want)
60Define Developmental Speech Disorder.A difficulty developing and using speech sounds that does not meet age or cultural expectations due to problems with using the oral articulators to produce sounds effectively and/or recognising and using sounds for meaningful communication
61Define Articulation Difficulties.Concerned with the formation of sounds
62Define Phonological Difficulties.Concerned with the rules of the language and underlying phonological (sound rules of a language) representations
63What are the SODA Descriptions?Substitution
Omission
Distortion
Addition
64Define Substitution.a sound is replaced by another
65Define Omission.A sound is deleted completely
66Define Distortion.The target sound is approximated, but not closely enough to be considered normal
67Define Addition.A sound (or several) is added to the target sound
68What sounds are in the early 8?[m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h]
69What sounds are in the middle 8?[t, ŋ, k, g, f, v, tʃ, dʒ]
70What sounds are in the late 8?[ʃ, θ, s, z, ð, l, r, ʒ]
71Define an Articulation Speech Disorder.Difficulty producing speech sounds due to structural problems or lack of knowledge
72Define Phonological Speech Disorder.Difficulty learning the sound rules of the language
73Define Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS).Difficulty planning movement sequences for speech; inconsistent speech patterns, abnormal prosody
74Define Dysarthria.Distorted speech resulting from poor muscle tone or coordination caused by neurological damage
75Name some associated problems with childhood speech disorders.Poor phonological awareness - limited understanding of how words can be broken up; Literacy - poor association between sounds and letter and poor reading and spelling; New word learning - difficulty learning and retrieving words due to poor storage of sound sequences
76Name the Linguistic Levels.Perception of sounds
Production of sounds in:
isolation;
syllables;
words;
phrases;
sentences;
conversation
77What are the 5 keys to Intervention Intensity?Dose form, Dose, Dose Frequency, Total Duration and Cumulative Intensity
78Define Dose Form.Active ingredient; qualitative description of the therapy task
79Define Dose.Number of times the active ingredient is provided in a session (x times in a y minute session)
80Define Dose Frequency.Number of intervention sessions over a period of time (per day/week/month)
81Define Total Duration.Period of time in which the intervention is provided (weeks, months, years)
82Define Cumulative Intensity.= dose x dose frequency x total intervention duration
83What are the Intervention Phases?Instatement
Stabilisation
Generalisation
Maintenance
84Define Instatement.Learning a new skill; requires effort; first intervention phase
85Define Stabilisation.Develop consistency, confidence and automaticity in using the new skill; second intervention phase
86Define Generalisation.Learn to use new speech skills in different linguistic and social contexts; third intervention phase
87Define Maintenance.Continue to use the new skills over an extended period of time after therapy stops; fourth and last intervention phase
88Define Consonant.A speech sound which is produced with the airflow being constricted in some way (this is their defining feature)
89Define Contrast.The characteristic of a phoneme to be able to signal a contrast in meaning between two words of a language (e.g. /p/ and /b/ signal a meaning contrast in words that share all other sounds such as bat and pat, big and pig and rip and rib)
90Define Delay.A delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech
91Define Dyslexia.A severe reading disability where reading skills are significantly impaired
92Define Intelligibility.How well the speaker can be understood
93Define Unintelligible.The lack of intelligibility; the speaker is unable to be understood
94Define IPA.International Phonetic Alphabet
95Define Manner of Articulation.The configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips and palate) when making a speech sound
96Define Minimal Pair.Pairs of words or phrases that differ in only one phonological element and have distinct meanings such as pig, wig, and jig
97Define Oromotor Exam.used to rule out or identify a structural problem, to identify the condition of the structures involved in speech production, study the amount of tension and sensation involved in speech and voicing and examine possible swallowing problems. Clinicians study the motions of all articulators and asks the client about any sensations associated with these motions
98Define Phonetics.The study and classification of speech sounds. More about the acoustics and anatomy and the actual way a sound or word is said. Representing the sounds of speech with a set of distinct symbols, each designating a single sound
99Define Phonological.The study of the distribution and patterning of speech sounds in a language
100Define Place of Articulation.The point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive location (typically some part of the roof of the mouth)
101Define Representation (surface)The actual sound being different or the same
102Define Representation (underlying)The underlying meaning being different or the same
103Define Stimulabilityrefers to testing whether a child can imitate correct production of a speech sound
104Define Voicingto express in words
105Define Vowela speech sound which is produced with relatively little constriction against the airflow in the oral cavity
106What does Communication involve?A sender, a receiver, a set or system of symbols, a channel for the message, the broader context of the environment and feedback systems
107Define AugmentativeA strategy that is used in combination with residual speech that enhances, aids or supplements speech
108Define AlternateA strategy that completely replaces the more typical communication mode such as speech
109What two groups can AAC systems be divided into?Unaided
Aided
110Define Unaided AACModes that can be expressed without using equipment. Relies on body movement and manual skills. Can be formal (sign language) or informal (body language)
111Define Aided AACModes that use physical mechanical or electronic equipment. Can be low tech (multilevel communication book) or high tech (speech generating device)
112Define Complex Communication NeedsRefers to the needs of people who cannot easily communicate using speech
113What two groups can complex communication needs be grouped into?Ongoing - people with physical disability affecting speech and/or language (developmental or acquired);
or Temporary
114What does Form of Language include?Phonology, morphology, syntax
115What does Content of Language include?Semantics, lexicon
116What does Function of language include?Pragmatics, cognitive applications
117Define Primary cause.Occurs in the absence of any other disability
118Define Aetiologythe cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition
119Define Secondary causeOccurs as a result of or co-occurs with another disability
120Define DevelopmentalPresent from birth or becomes apparent over time as the child develops
121Define AcquiredOccurs after birth as a result of an identified event
122Define Expressive Language DisorderFormulation and transmission are affected (expressive language); Reception and comprehension are intact (receptive language)
123What is percentile is within the mild severity?16th down to 6th percentile
124Which percentile is within the moderate severity?6th down to 3rd percentile
125Which percentile is within the severe severity?2nd percentile and below
126Which percentile is within the profound severity?Typically non-verbal
127Define BilingualAcquiring to or more languages either simultaneously (both at the same time) or sequentially (has a home language and learns a second language after the first such as at school)
128Define BidialectalChild is acquiring two or more distinct dialects of the same language (simultaneous or sequential)
129Define ASDAutism Spectrum Disorder
130Define SLISpecific Language Impairment
131Define ID/IIIntellectual Disability/Impairment
132Define TBITraumatic Brain Injury
133Define HeterogeneousDiverse, unalike, each individual has their own profile of language strengths and weaknesses across domains and modalities
134Define Curriculum-focussedDirect application to the school environment
135Define Family-focussedDirect application to home environment
136Define Standard Australian EnglishThe variety that Australians have agreed is the standard and therefore what the majority speak
137Define LinguisticsStudy of nature, structure, and variation of language (and speech)
138Define PsychologyDeals with mental processes (cognitive, emotional) and behaviour
139Define SociologyStudy of human social behaviour, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society
140Name the Linguistic Levels.Sound - phonological
Word - lexical
Sentence - grammatical
Discourse - text, interaction
141Define PathologyThe science or the study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases; the conditions and processes of a disease; any deviation from a healthy, normal, or efficient condition
142Define Co-morbidA set of factors or skills affected by a common underlying cause or deficit
143Define ConcomitantOccurring together but no casual relationship (e.g. child has both a stutter and a speech disorder; a hearing loss and leukemia)
144Define Contributing (in relation to cause and effect)Contributes to the severity or maintenance of an impairment or poor function (e.g. woman continues to eat solid food when advised not to)
145Define ConsequentAn event that follows another (e.g. man has dysarthria following a stroke, then develops a tumour in his tongue)
146Define CongenitalInnate, born with a condition; often identified at birth
147What are the three types of hearing impairments?Conductive, Sensorineural, Mixed
148Define a Conductive Hearing ImpairmentDamage to the outer or middle ear; may be temporary or permanent; low frequency hearing loss
149Define a Sensorineural Hearing ImpairmentDamage to the cochlear or auditory nerve; always permanent; high frequency hearing loss
150Define a Mixed Hearing ImpairmentBoth conductive and sensorineural
151Define Argumentreasons are given to support a conclusion in an attempt to persuade; most assignments, and some exams, require well-presented arguments
152Define LogicStudy of the principles governing reasoning; systems and modes of reasoning; the validity and reliability of reasoning; principles of reasoning applied to a branch of knowledge
153Define Critical ThinkingEffective thinking; the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not; a search for answers
154Define Critical ReasoningThe process by which AHPs:
collect and process information about a client (or situation)
develop an understanding of the client, their problem, and their context
formulate and implement a plan for managing the client's problem
evaluate outcomes and modify plans
155Define PremiseStatement that gives your reason; may be true or false or hidden (thinks left unsaid; based on incorrect assumptions)
156Define ConclusionStatement for which you are providing reasons
157Define OpinionBased on personal preference
158Define Reasoned JudgementA preference supported by reasons
159Define FactA true statement supported by evidence
160Logical thinkingVertical thinking
161Creative thinkingLateral thinking
162Define DysfluencyDisruptions to the flow of speech
163Define AssessmentA systematic process for gathering information about the client including:
background history, abilities, knowledge, perceptions and feelings;
explore all aspects of communication across all modes (i.e. speech, language, voice, fluency) and swallowing; synonyms = appraisal, evaluation, testing
164Define InterventionImplementation of actions that are expected to improve the client's communication or swallowing abilities; well planned; based on sound knowledge of what makes intervention effective and efficient; synonyms - management, therapy, treatment, rehabilitation, remediation
165Define AbductionThe movement of a limb away from the midline of the body or opening of the vocal folds
166Define AdductionThe movement of a limb toward the midline of the body or the closure of the vocal folds
167Define AnalysisDetailed examination of the elements or structure of something
168Define AnomiaA form of aphasia in which the patient is unable to recall the names of everyday objects
169Define AphasiaAn inability (or impaired ability) to understand or produce speech, as a result of brain damage
170Define AphoniaAn inability to speak through disease of or damage to the larynx or mouth
171Define AppraisalAn act of assessing something or someone
172Define AspirationThe action or process of drawing breath
173Define Aspiration PneumoniaAn inflammation of your lungs and bronchial tube. It happens after you inhale foreign matter such as vomit, food or liquid
174Define BolusA small, rounded mass of a substance, especially of a chewed food at the moment of swallowing
175Define Brain StemThe central trunk of the mammalian brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain, and continuing downwards to form the spinal cord
176Define CerebellumThe part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates, which coordinates and regulates muscular activity
177Define CircumlocutionThe use of many words where fewer would do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive
178Define Cleft Lip/PalateOpenings or splits in the upper lip, the roof of the mouth (palate) or both. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate result when developing facial structures in an unborn baby don't close completely
179Define Central Nervous SystemThe complex of nerve tissues that controls the activities of the body. Comprises the brain and spinal cord
180Define CochlearThe sense organ that translates sound into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain. It is a fluid-filled, snail shaped cavern in the mastoid bone of your skull behind each ear
181Define CognitionThe mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience and the senses
182Define Cognitive Communication Disorder (CCD)Describes a wide range of specific communication problems that can result from damage to regions of the brain that control your ability to think (cognition)
183Define Communication SamplingAn assessment tool designed for infants to children with multiple physical, sensory, speech and/or cognitive, linguistic challenges to capture and qualify the nature and extent of their communication behaviour with partners during interactive settings and contexts
184Define Concomitantnaturally accompanying or associated
185Define ConductiveHaving the property of conducting something
186Define CongenitalA disease or physical abnormality present from birth
187Define Corpus CallosumA broad band of nerve fibres joining the two hemispheres of the brain
188Define DementiaA chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes causes by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes and impaired reasoning
189Define DiagnosisThe identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms
190Define DiaphragmA dome-shaped muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs
191Define DischargeThe action of discharging someone from a hospital
192Define DysphagiaDifficulty or discomfort in swallowing, as a symptom of disease
193Define DysphoniaDifficulty in speaking due to a physical disorder of the mouth, tongue, throat, or vocal folds
194Define Environment-basedBased around the environment the person lives in
195Define EpiglottisA flap of cartilage behind the root of the tongue which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe
196Define Eustachian TubeA narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear, permitting the equalisation of pressure on each side of the eardrum
197Define EvaluationThe making of a judgement about the amount, number, or value of something; assessment
198Define External Auditory CanalAlso called external auditory meatus or external acoustic meatus; passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane of each ear
199Define Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)A test which involves the patient trying different foods and liquids and the SLP checking how well the muscles move around the patients mouth and how clearly the person talks
200Define FillerA word that is used to fill the break in an utterance (e.g. um)

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Description: Flashcards on SL1001, created by Hannah McCullagh on 27/05/2015.
Created by: Hannah McCullagh
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