286562
Description
Flashcards by Jessica Westmoreland, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Jessica Westmoreland
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the pleasure center of the brain? | Nucleus accumbens |
| Define: Contusions | -bruises on the surface of the brain commonly found in frontal, temporal lobes |
| Glasgow Coma Score | Severe: 8 or less Moderate: 9 to 12 Mild: 13 to 15 |
| Define: Epi (extra) dural hematoma | -occurs at site of fracture - between skull and dura -quicker to develop |
| Define: Subdural hematoma | -may occur weeks or months after injury -tear in the arachnoid -slower to develop |
| Define: Intracerebral hemotoma | -bleeding occurs in brain tissue itself -single or multiple |
| Maastricht categories | category 1: dead on arrival category 2: unsuccessful resuscitation category 3: awaiting cardiac arrest category 4: cardiac arrest in a brain dead donor |
| Define: 1. referred pain 2. phantom limb pain | 1. pain that perceived at a site different from its points of origin but innervated by the same spinal segment 2. a type of neurological pain, follows amputation of a limb or part of a limb |
| Transmission of pain: 1. A-delta fibres 2. c-fibres fibres | 1. myelinated, well localised, well discriminated, fast pain pathway 30m/sec 2. 1m/sec, slow pathway, poorly localised |
| What are the 4 types of bone cells? | 1. osteogenic cells (stem-type cells) 2. osteoblasts- secrete new bone 3. osteocyates- maintain bone 4. osteoclasts- break down bone |
| What 2 types of bone cells make remodelling of the bone possible? | Osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| Explain why vitamin c and d are essential in bone remodelling? | vit c- essential for collagen formation vit d-required for absorption of calcium and phosphate from diet |
| Define: osteoporosis | reduction in organic matrix and mineral content of bone resulting increase fracture risk |
| 1. Regeneration of injured tissue by... 2. Replacement of injured tissue by... | 1. parenchymal cells 2. connective tissue |
| What are the 4 stages of bone repair and healing | 1. hematoma formation 2. cellular proliferation 3. ossification 4. remodelling |
| What 5 factors affect wound healing? | 1. malnutrition 2. blood flow and oxygen delivery 3. inflammation/immune function 4. infection, wound separation and foreign bodies 5. age |
| Erickson: psychoanalytic theory in adults | -intimacy vs isolation (young adults) forming lasting relationships -generativity vs stagnation (middle age) achieve life goals, welfare for future generations |
| Levison's adult development theory | stable period and transitional period |
| Buhler stage theory/life span theorist | life patterns are guided by intentions, choosing life goals, working towards goals |
| What is not filtered by the kidneys? | blood cells (rbc's & wbc's) and protein |
| Glomerular filtration rate | normal GFR 90-140 ml/min(men), 80-125 ml/min(women) |
| Positive and negative pressure - normal lung inflation | -pleural cavity maintains a negative pressure (3mmHg less than surrounding air) - within the lungs is more positive (760mmHg) and causes lungs to press aginst the parietal pleura |
| Ventilation & perfusion ratio (p/v ratio) | -measurement used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the matching of two variables -the ratio of the amount of air reaching the alveoli to the amount of blood reaching the alveoli |
| Low haemoglobin level= | not getting enough oxygen to myocardium |
| Vital signs - adult | T=36.5-37.5 P=60-100 R=12-20 BP=100-139/60-89 |
| 2 forms of asthma- | 1. extrinsic - most common, atopic/allergic trigger 2. intrinsic - the pathogenesis of inflammation in this form is unclear, possibly associated with respiratory viral infections & inhaled pollutants such as sulphar dioxide |
| Cystic fibrosis | -autosomal recessive condition involving secretion of viscous fluid from epithelial glands -major cause of chronic respiratory disease children -early diagnosis is crucial |
| Oxygen therapy | -Nasal sepcs= 2L/min =23-28%, 4L/min =32-36% -Simple face mask= 6L/min =50%, 8L/min =55% -Non-rebreather mask with reservoir bags (minimises room entrainment) 15L/min 85% |
| ARDS | -occurs as a result of injury to the aveolar capillary membrane resulting in leakage of fluid into the aveolar interstitial spaces and alteration in the capillary bed -there is marked ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) imbalance due to an impaired gas exchange and extensive shunting of blood in the lungs |
| Normal values: PO2, PC02, HC03, pH, respiratory failure | -P02 >75mmHg -PC02 35-45mmHg -HC03 22+/-2mmHg -pH 7.35-7.45 -respiratory failure <60mmhg |
| Myocardial ischeamia= | decrease ratio of 02 supply and 02 demand |
| Atherosclerosis | -chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall resulting from initial injury to the endothelial cells lining the artery -injury is due to both chemical (diabetes, smoking etc) and mechanical (caused by increase BP) stress |
| Which blood group has no antibodies in plasma? | AB |
| In an emergency what blood is given? | we can all recieve O in an emergency & AB plasma |
| What temperature should a blood fridge be at and how long before you can reopen door after initial opening? | -should be between 2-6 degress celcius -takes half an hour before you can reopen blood fridge as it disturbs the temperature |
| Disorders of lung inflation | -pleural effusion=abnormal collection of fluid in he pleural cavity -atelectasis=collapse of lung segement -pneumothorax=prtial or entire collapse of affected lung due to air in the pleural space |
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