Flashcards
MIC101 Lecture 19
Cards in this deck (89)
- 1Title of Lecture 19Fungal Infections
- 2List some characteristics of fungifungi are everywhere, large bright & colorful, many species grow best in moist environments at warm temperatures
- 3What is found everywhere, large bright & colorful, and grows best in moist environments at warm temperatures?Fungi
- 4Mycologystudy of fungi
- 5study of fungimycology
- 6commensal organisms, eukaryotes, chemoheterotrophs, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, 2 formsfungi
- 7fungicommensal organisms, eukaryotes, chemoheterotrophs, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, 2 forms
- 8Name the forms of FungiYeasts & Molds
- 9Describe yeastsunicellular, reproduce by binary fission
- 10Describe moldsmulticellular, filamentous fungi
- 11What is unicellular & reproduces by binary fission?Yeasts
- 12What is multicellular & filamentous fungi?Molds
- 13How can fungi be harmful?Cause food to spoil, cause diseases, can be poisonous
- 14Can fungi play an important & beneficial role?Yes! In a world without fungi, huge amounts of wastes, dead organisms, and debris, which consist of complex organic substances would litter Earth
- 15Name the divisions of Kingdom FungiAscomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, & Deuteromycota
- 16What are Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, & Deuteromycota?The 4 divisions of Kingdom Fungi
- 17Describe Ascomycotaincludes molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts. Cause plant diseases. Examples: truffles & yeast
- 18What includes molds with septate hyphae and some yeasts. Cause plant diseases. Examples: truffles & yeast?Ascomycota
- 19Describe BasidiomycotaContains septate hyphae, example: mushrooms
- 20What Contains septate hyphae, example: mushrooms?Basidiomycota
- 21Describe zygomycotaAre sprophytic molds that have nonseptate hyphae, example: the common black bread mold
- 22What are sprophytic molds that have nonseptate hyphae, example: the common black bread mold?Zygomycota
- 23Describe Deuteromycotareproduce asexually, have no known sexual stage in their life cycle, example: cheese, soy sauce
- 24What is reproduce asexually, have no known sexual stage in their life cycle, example: cheese, soy sauce?Deuteromycota
- 25Describe YeastThey are important ascomycotes, economically important, ferment sugars to produce carbon dioxide & ethyl alcohol, used to make wine & beer, used in baking because they produce carbon dioxide, the gas that caused bread dough to rise & take on a light, airy texture
- 26They are important ascomycotes, economically important, ferment sugars to produce carbon dioxide & ethyl alcohol, used to make wine & beer, used in baking because they produce carbon dioxide, the gas that caused bread dough to rise & take on a light, airy textureYeast
- 27What are fungal toxins called?mycotoxins
- 28Describe mycotoxinslow-molecular weight metabolites that can harm humans and animals that ingest them, causing toxicosis (poisoning)
- 29What is toxicosis? What is it caused by?Poisoning, caused by fungal toxins (mycotoxins)
- 30What is mycotoxicosis caused by?caused by eating mycotoxins; the fungus itself is not present
- 31What is mycetismus?mushroom poisoning resulting from eating the fungus
- 32mushroom poisoning resulting from eating the fungusMycetismus
- 33What are fungal allergens?usually proteins or glycoproteins that elicit allergic reactions in sensitive people who contact them
- 34usually proteins or glycoproteins that elicit allergic reactions in sensitive people who contact themfungal allergens
- 35What do fungi produce?Fungi produce mycotoxins during their normal metabolic activities
- 36How do people consume mycotoxins?People consume mycotoxins in grains or vegetables that have been contaminated with fungi.
- 37How much of the world's food supply is contaminated with mycotoxins?up to 25%, but only 20 of the 300 or so known toxins are present at dangerous levels
- 38What does long-term ingestion of mycotoxins cause?Can cause liver & kidney damage, or gastrointestinal disturbances
- 39Does each mycotoxin produce a specific clinical manifestation?Yes!
- 40Name 2 kinds of MycotoxicosesAflatoxins & Ergot alkaloids
- 41What are Aflatoxins produced by?Produced by the ascomycete Aspergillus
- 42What is Produced by the ascomycete Aspergillus?Aflatoxins
- 43Describe Aflatoxinsfatal to vertebrates & are carcinogenic @ low levels when consumed continually. Cause liver damage & liver cancer.
- 44fatal to vertebrates & are carcinogenic @ low levels when consumed continually. Cause liver damage & liver cancer.Aflatoxins
- 45What are Ergot alkaloids produced by?Produced by asocmycete Claviceps purpurea
- 46Produced by asocmycete Claviceps purpureaErgot alkaloids
- 47What are Ergometrine used for?To stimulate labor contractions & is used to constrict the mother's blood vessels after birth (when she is at risk of bleeding excessively), also used to treat migraines
- 48To stimulate labor contractions & is used to constrict the mother's blood vessels after birth (when she is at risk of bleeding excessively), also used to treat migrainesErgometrine (Ergot alkaloids)
- 49What is Mycetismus?Mushroom poisoning
- 50Mushroom poisoningMycetismus
- 51Describe toxicity of mushrooms (basidiomycetes)Most are not toxic, but produce dangerous poisons capable of causing neurological dysfunction or hallucinations, organ damage, or even death
- 52Most are not toxic, but produce dangerous poisons capable of causing neurological dysfunction or hallucinations, organ damage, or even deathMushroom toxicity
- 53When does mushroom poisoning occur?Occurs when untrained individuals pick & eat wild mushrooms
- 54What are poisonous mushrooms called?toadstools
- 55toadstoolsPoisonous mushrooms
- 56What is the deadliest mushroom poison produced by?by the "death cap" mushroom, Amanita phalloides
- 57Describe Amanita phalloides (death cap mushroom)contains 2 polypeptide toxins (phalloidin & alpha-amanitin) which cause liver damage
- 58contains 2 polypeptide toxins (phalloidin & alpha-amanitin) which cause liver damageAmanita phalloides
- 59Describe Phalloidinirreversibly binds actin within cells, disrupting cell structure
- 60irreversibly binds actin within cells, disrupting cell structurePhalloidin
- 61Alpha-amanitininhibits mRNA synthesis
- 62inhibits mRNA synthesisAlpha-amanitin
- 63What causes liver damageAlpha-amanitin & Phalloidin
- 64Name 2 other types of mushroom poisoning (Mycetismus)False morel, Gyromitra esculenta & Crotinarius gentilis
- 65Describe False morelCaused by Gyromitra esculenta, causes blood diarrhea, convulsion, & death within 2 days after ingestion
- 66Caused by Gyromitra esculenta, causes blood diarrhea, convulsion, & death within 2 days after ingestionFalse morel
- 67Describe Cortinarius gentilisCauses excessive thirst, nausea, & kidney failure between 3 days & 3 weeks after ingestion
- 68Causes excessive thirst, nausea, & kidney failure between 3 days & 3 weeks after ingestionCortinarius gentilis
- 69How is Mycetismus (mushroom poisoning) treated?Inducing vomiting followed by oral administration of activated charcoal to absorb toxins. Severe mushroom poisoning may necessitate a liver transplant.
- 70What are fungal allergens?fungal spores dispersed in the air are common allergens
- 71How many humans are affected by fungal allergens?3-10% of humans worldwide are affected by fungal allergens
- 72Describe Fungal allergensdetermining the specific cause of allergies is difficult, fungal allergens typically cause type 1 hypersensitivities or less frequently type 3 hypersensitivies
- 73Describe Type 1 hypersensitivitiesIgE binds the allergen triggering responses such as asthma, eczema, hay fever, & watery eyes & nose.
- 74Describe type 3 hypersensitivitiesResult from chronic inhalation of particular fungal allergens which penetrate deep into the lungs & encounter complementary antibodies & form immune complexes in the alveoli leading to inflammation, fibrosis, & in some cases death. Associated with certain occupations, such as farming in which workers are constantly exposed to fungal spores.
- 75What are some factors that predispose individuals to opportunistic mycoses?Medical procedures, medical therapies, disease conditions, & lifestyle factors
- 76Describe pathogenesis of fungal infectionsThousands of fungal spores are inhaled every day, fungi are part of normal microbial flora, fungal infections are very uncommon in immunocompetent individuals, fungal infections are more common in immunodeficient patients
- 77What are the categories of fungal infection?Adherence, Invasion, & Tissue Injury
- 78Describe Adherenceinvolves an adhesion molecule on the fungus & host cell receptor
- 79Describe adherence in Candida albicansthe mannan is the adhesion molecule which attaches to fibronectin receptors on target cells
- 80the mannan is the adhesion molecule which attaches to fibronectin receptors on target cellsadherence in Candida albicans
- 81Describe Invasionthrough breaks in the skin & inhalation via spores
- 82Describe tissue injuryprimary tissue injury is due to host inflammatory response
- 83primary tissue injury is due to host inflammatory responseTissue injury
- 84Through breaks in the skin & inhalation via sporesInvasion
- 85Describe host defense against fungal infectionsOccurs through phagocytosis & adaptive immune response
- 86Phagocytosisneutrophils kill fungal hyphae, Candida albicans can prevent phagocytosis by binding to complement & inhibiting opsonization
- 87neutrophils kill fungal hyphae, Candida albicans can prevent phagocytosis by binding to complement & inhibiting opsonizationPhagocytosis
- 88Describe Adaptive Immune ResponseT cells activate macrophages & increased production of interferon-gamma
- 89T cells activate macrophages & increased production of interferon-gammaAdaptive Immune Response
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- Flashcards on MIC101 Lecture 19, created by patience.almazan on 03/06/2015.
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