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Flashcards

The Changing Economic World

Sophie Howe Geography GCSE English 126 cards

Cards in this deck (126)

  1. 1What is GNI / GDP per capita?Measure of wealth calculated by dividing the total income by the population
  2. 2What is the development gap?Differences in the standard of living between the richest and poorest countries
  3. 3What factors can affect development?Natural hazards, debt, education, civil war
  4. 4What is a problem with measuring development using GNI?Some countries may seem to have a high GNI as they are wealthy and have a small population but this doesn't mean their citizens have a good quality of life
  5. 5What is birth rate?The number of births per year per I000 people
  6. 6What is infant mortality rate?The number of children who die before the age of I per I000 live births
  7. 7What is Human Development Index?Score from 0-I, incorporates life expectancy, access to education and GNI per capita, used by United Nations
  8. 8What does HDI aim to show?How far people are benefiting from a country's economic growth
  9. 9How is birth rate a reliable measure of development?As country develops, women more educated, more likely to have career, marry later, have fewer children
  10. 10How is death rate a less reliable measure of development?Developed countries tend to have older populations and higher death rates, death rate tends to be lower in less developed countries as there are proportionally more young people
  11. 11What does a high percentage of access to clean water show?A country has modern infrastructure
  12. 12List the ways of measuring development besides HDI and GNI.Birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, number of doctors per I000 people, literacy rate, % of access to clean water
  13. 13Do GNI and HDI measure economic or social develpment?GNI measures economic, HDI measures economic and social
  14. 14What factors might limit the usefulness of economic and social measures of development?Data unreliable due to government corruption, out of date, may focus on certain aspects of development and not take others into account
  15. 15What is a good thing about using HDI to measure development?Takes into account several indicators of development, stops one country being seen as developed using one indicator but not another, some aspects of a country develop before others
  16. 16Describe standard of living.Measure of wealth and material comfort available, (financial), includes GDP, income, economic opportunities, changes according to individual preferences
  17. 17Describe quality of life.Measure concerning well being of individuals, financial and non-financial, wealth/employment, mental health, recreation, varies according to individual preferences
  18. 18Where are countries with a high HDI generally located (besides a few).Mainly north of equator
    (besides Australia and New Zealand)
  19. 19Where are countries with a low HDI generally located?Mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa
    (besides Afghanistan)
  20. 20What is the Brandt Report?Line that divides the world in half so rich located towards north and poorer in the south
  21. 21In what ways is the Brandt Report no longer accurate?South Korea is in the poor zone, Mongolia in the rich zone, South Korea has better GNI per capita, life expectancy and access to education
  22. 22In what ways is the Brandt Report still accurate?Democratic Republic of the Congo still in poor zone, lower values than South Korea
  23. 23What is GNI?The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
  24. 24Give an examples of HICs, NEEs and LICs.HICs - UK, USA, France
    NEEs - China, Brazil, Russia
    LICs - Nepal, Afghanistan, Somalia
  25. 25Why can GNI per capita be a misleading measure of development?It's an average, hides variations between regions and classes in a country, country may seem developed if there are a small number of extremely wealthy people and loads of very poor people
  26. 26What does the Democratic Transition Model (DTM) show?Population change overtime, based on changes that took place in western countries
  27. 27What happens in stage I of the DTM?High birth rate (no contraception, have more kids because they die), high death rate (bad healthcare), no population growth
  28. 28What happens in stage 2 of the DMT?High birth rate (economy based on agriculture so kids needed to work on farms), death rate decreasing (improved health care), population increasing
  29. 29What happens in stage 3 of the DTM?Birth rate decrease (better education for women, better contraception), death rate decreases (healthcare improves) population increases
  30. 30What happens at stage 4 in the DTM?Birth (people want high quality of life so less money available for kids) and death rates (good healthcare), decrease to around same level, population increasing
  31. 31What happens at stage 5 in the DTM?Birth rate lower than death rate, population starts to level off then decreases, same reasons as in stage 4
  32. 32In what stages of the DTM do you find each type of country?Stage 2 - LICs
    Stage 3 - NEEs
    Stage 4 - HICs
    Stage 5 - HICs
  33. 33How does the DTM support changes in the UK? (To what extent can economic development be linked to the DTM)Industrialised countries fit model well as this was what model was originally based on, UK had fall in death rate in I700s as vaccinations discovered, birth rate fell in I800s as family planning introduced (model predicts this)
  34. 34How does the DTM not support changes in the UK? (To what extent can economic development be linked to the DTM)Doesn't take migration into account, UKs transition from stage 4 to 5 could be delayed as migration now accounts for a large proportion of UK population growth
  35. 35How does the DTM not support changes in Australia? (To what extent can economic development be linked to the DTM)Skipped the early stages of the model completely as its population grew loads due to immigration, however the DTM suggests the population increased by natural change
  36. 36Describe a population pyramid for an LIC eg Afghanistan.Wide base shows high birth rate, bars narrowing as you go up pyramid shows decreasing birth rate and increasing death rate with age, narrow top shows high death rate and low life expectancy
  37. 37Describe a population pyramid for a HIC eg Belgium.Relatively narrow base shows low birth rate, wide middle section shows good health care, relatively wide top section (but narrower than middle and bottom) shows high life expectancy and good quality of life as many people live till older ages
  38. 38List the physical causes of uneven development.Landlocked countries, poor climate, few raw materials, natural hazards
  39. 39How is being a landlocked country a physical cause of uneven development?Only bordered by land, no access to seas, cut off from seaborne trade which is important for economic growth
  40. 40How is poor climate a physical cause of uneven development?People have fewer crops to sell so spend less money on goods so government gets less taxes so there's less to spend on developing country/climate can bring malaria which reduces ability of people to work
  41. 41How is having few raw materials a physical cause of uneven development?Fewer products to sell, less money to spend on development/have materials but don't have the money to exploit them
  42. 42How are natural hazards a physical cause of uneven development?Money has to be spent on rebuilding after disaster, less to spend on developing a country
  43. 43What are the economic causes of uneven development?Trade, debt, an economy based on primary products
  44. 44How is trade an economic cause of uneven development?Rich countries want to pay as little as possible for raw materials which come from LICs, prices are kept low as there is often more supply tan demand for raw materials, processing takes place in richer countries
  45. 45How is debt an economic cause of uneven development?Poor countries borrow money from other countries, money country makes is used to pay back debt so isn't used to develop
  46. 46How is an economy based on primary products an economic cause of uneven development?Countries that export primary products tend to be less developed, not much profit made, sometimes price falls below cost of production, government has less money to spend on development, countries exporting manufactured goods tend to be more developed
  47. 47List the historical causes of uneven development.Colonisation, conflict
  48. 48What does it mean when a country has been colonised?Ruled by a foreign country
  49. 49How is colonialism a historical cause of uneven development?European countries colonised much of Africa in I9th century, they removed raw materials and slaves, sold back expensive manufactured goods, bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependent on Europe
  50. 50How is conflict a historical cause of uneven development?Wars can slow level of development even after war is over, money spent on fighting instead of development, infant mortality rates increase
  51. 51What can uneven development have impacts on?Wealth, health, migration
  52. 52How is wealth a consequence of uneven development?Most developed countries have greatest wealth, in 20I4 fastest growth of wealth in North America which now has 35% of total global wealth, China has highest growth since 2000 of NEEs, Africa's share of global wealth around I%
  53. 53What are the main causes of death in LICs? (how is health a consequence of uneven development?)More young people deaths than old people, complications of childbirth, infectious diseases eg malaria, poorer countries can't afford vaccinations
  54. 54What are the main causes of death in HICs? (how is health a consequence of uneven development?)More old people deaths than young people, only main infectious cause of deaths is lung infections, main cause of death is chronic diseases eg diabetes
  55. 55What is an economic migrant?A person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life
  56. 56What is a refugee?A person forced to move out of their country
  57. 57What is a displaced person?A person forced to move from their home but stays in their country of origin
  58. 58How is migration a consequence of uneven development?Not enough employment opportunities so people move to find work, seek better quality of life, moved by force to avoid natural disasters, people fled from Syria to seek safety and the chance of a new life in Europe
  59. 59List the strategies of reducing the global development gap.Aid, debt relief, fair trade, industrial development, microfinance loans, using intermediate technology
  60. 60What is short-term aid?Emergency help usually in response to a natural disaster
  61. 61What is long-term aid?Sustainable aid that seeks to improve lives overtime
  62. 62What is bilateral aid?Aid from one country to another
  63. 63What is tied aid?Aid given with certain conditions
  64. 64What is multilateral aid?Governments giving money to international organisations eg the world bank
  65. 65What is voluntary aid?Aid donated by the general public
  66. 66How can aid help reduce the development gap?Aid can take form of money or resources eg food, long-term aid is best at addressing development gap, enables countries to invest in development projects eg roads, can help improve people's quality of life on local scale as focuses on education, can be wasted by corrupt governments
  67. 67How can using intermediate technology help reduce the development gap?Sustainable technology appropriate to needs of local people, small scale projects, eg solar powered LED lightbulbs used in Nepal, other lighting options are polluting, people can work/kids can study after dark, skills and income increase, reduces development gap
  68. 68How can fair trade help reduce the development gap?Seeks to reduce development gap by improving quality of life for ordinary farmers, farmer gets all money from sale of crop, part of price invested in local community development projects, farmer must agree to farm without adding pesticides to crop
  69. 69How can debt relief help reduce the development gap?Cancels money owed by poorest countries to richest, money saved used by government on water, education and health to reduce poverty, countries can invest money in development projects eg infrastructure, corrupt governments may keep money
  70. 70How can microfinance loans help reduce the development gap?Small scale financial support directly from banks, can start their own businesses, (employment opportunities increase, incomes rise) become more financially independent
  71. 71How can industrial development help reduce the development gap?Agriculture makes up most of economy in countries with low level of development, developing industry increases GNI, improves levels of skill and infrastructure
  72. 72Describe the location of Jamaica.Largest island in West Indies, in Caribbean Sea, considered part of North America
  73. 73What is Jamaica's economy like?Considered an upper middle-income country, economy based on minerals, agricultural products and some manufacturing, has suffered slow growth and high unemployment
  74. 74What are the tourist attractions in Jamaica?Beaches, warm and sunny climate, good international air communications, hub for cruise ships
  75. 75How has tourism in Jamaica helped the economy? (how tourism has reduced the development gap in Jamaica)Contributed 24% of Jamaica's GDP in 20I4 (one of the highest in the world), income from tourism is US$2billion each year, taxes paid to government contribute to development
  76. 76How has tourism in Jamaica helped employment? (how tourism has reduced the development gap in Jamaica)Main source of employment, provides jobs for 200,000 either directly eg hotels or indirectly eg shops, tourists spend money in shops which provides income and boosts economy
  77. 77How has tourism in Jamaica helped infrastructure? (how tourism has reduced the development gap in Jamaica)Tourism led to high level of investment on north coast (where most tourism is), new hotel accommodation built, improvements to roads and airports have been slower and some parts of island remain isolated
  78. 78How has tourism in Jamaica helped quality of life? (how tourism has reduced the development gap in Jamaica)People living in northern tourist areas live in high quality housing, benefited from tourism, people live nearby with inadequate healthcare
  79. 79How has tourism in Jamaica helped the environment? (how tourism has reduced the development gap in Jamaica)Conservation projects provide jobs and encourage people to visit, the Negril Marine Nature Park attracts tourists and brings income, tourists can create footpath erosion and harmful emissions
  80. 80What is a TNC?Transnational corporation, a large company that operates in several countries eg Nigeria is attractive to many TNCs
  81. 81Describe the location of Nigeria.West Africa, borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, almost south of UK
  82. 82What is the capital city and biggest city of Nigeria?Capital city = Abuja
    Biggest city = Lagos
  83. 83What is the climate of Nigeria like?Has a tropical climate, hot and wet most of the year in the south, inland there is a long, dry season
  84. 84What is the population of Nigeria?Over I82 million in 20I5
    (largest population of any African country)
  85. 85How is Nigeria important to Africa?Has one of fastest growing economies in Africa, highest farm output in Africa, 70% of population employed in agriculture, subsistence farmers grow food crops eg yams largest num of cattle in Africa, has potential to spread development to rest of Africa
  86. 86How is Nigeria important globally?Supplies 2.7% of world's oil, I2th largest producer of oil, (I4% of their GDP comes from oil) developed a diverse economy which includes the media, Lagos is a thriving global economic hub, 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions around world
  87. 87Describe the political context of Nigeria.Fully independent from UK in I960, civil war and lack of political stability affected Nigeria's development and led to widespread corruption, had stable government since I999, countries investing in Nigeria eg China making investments in construction in Abuja
  88. 88Describe the social context of Nigeria.Multiethnic, multifaith country, social diversity is one of biggest strengths but has been source of conflict, Christianty, Islam, traditional African religions widely practiced, economic inequality between north/south has created religious tensions, led to reduction in investment from abroad and rise in unemployment
  89. 89Describe the cultural context in Nigeria.Nigerian music enjoyed across continent/beyond, Nollywood is 2nd largest film industry in world, home to famous writers, Nigerian football team has won the African Cup of Nations 3 times
  90. 90Describe the environmental context in Nigeria.Southern area covered by forests, Nigeria's natural environments form a series of bands across the country
  91. 91Describe the regional variations across Nigeria.Urban areas have greater share of public services eg 60% of kids attend secondary school, only 36% in rural areas, GDP higher in south which benefits from the Niger Delta/access to oil reserves, GDP lower in the north - suffers from desertification
  92. 92How have Nigeria's political links changed?Political links were with UK when part of British Empire in I960, has become member of British Commonwealth since becoming independent, become leading member of African political/economic groups and international organisations eg UN
  93. 93Describe Nigeria's role in the United Nations.Contributed 5th largest number of troops to UN peacekeeping force in 20I3, was temporary member of UN Security Council in 20I4-I5
  94. 94Nigeria has political links with OPEC. What does OPEC aim to do?Aims to stabilise the price of oil and ensure a regular supply
  95. 95What are Nigeria's global trading relationships?Main exports are crude/cotton, main imports are cars from Brazil/USA, telephones from China are a fast growing import, in demand from growing population, Nigeria ranks 7th in world for num of mobile phones used
  96. 96Describe crude oil in Nigeria.Dominates exports, USA was biggest customer until 20I3, India is now Nigeria's biggest customer
  97. 97Describe agriculture in Nigeria.40% of population employed in agriculture, Australia and Indonesia are big customers for Nigerian cotton
  98. 98How has Nigeria's source of income changed?Primary products were traditionally main source of income, discovery of oil in Niger Delta led to change, oil accounts for I4% of GDP and 98% of export earnings, world's I0th highest level of oil reserves
  99. 99How has employment in agriculture/Nigeria's primary sector changed since I999?Decreased, increase in farm machinery, better pay and conditions in other sectors
  100. 100How has employment in oil production/Nigeria's secondary sector changed since I999?Increased to due industrialisation and economic growth under a stable government
  101. 101How has Nigeria's tertiary sector changed since I999?Increased due to the growth of communications, retail and finance
  102. 102Why is Nigeria's economy developing?Many people speak English so potential for growth in telecommunications, increased usage of telecommunications means benefits from trade, information technology is starting to drive the economy rather than oil
  103. 103What is happening to Nigeria's manufacturing sector?Growth of manufacturing hindered in past by dependence on the export of raw materials, now manufacturing accounts for I0% of GDP eg processed foods
  104. 104How is the manufacturing industry affecting Nigeria's economic development?Regular paid work means people have secure income, more people employed so revenue from taxes increases, thriving industrial sector attracts foreign investment
  105. 105Why do TNCs locate in foreign countries?To take advantage of cheaper labour and tax incentives
  106. 106What are the advantages of TNCs in Nigeria?Companies provide employment/development of new skills, more money spent in economy, investment by companies in local infrastructure and education
  107. 107What are the disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?Local workers sometimes poorly paid, working conditions sometimes poor, much of profit generated goes abroad
  108. 108What does Shell do in Nigeria?Niger Delta is one of most difficult places in world to extract oil from, Shell is a TNC, has invested large amounts of money and expertise into extracting oil there
  109. 109What advantages has Shell brought to Nigeria's economy?Contributions in taxes, provides direct employment for 65 000 Nigerian workers, 9I% of Shell contracts given to Nigerian companies, supports growth of Nigeria's energy sector
  110. 110What disadvantages has Shell brought to Nigeria?Oil spills cause water pollution and soil degradation which reduces fishing yields, oil flares send toxic fumes into air, oil theft reduces production levels and costs TNCs and government money
  111. 111Why does Nigeria receive aid?Almost I00 million people live on less than 63p a day, high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, limited access to services
  112. 112What aid does Nigeria receive?About 4% of aid given to African countries, comes from individual countries eg UK/international organisations eg World Bank
  113. 113How has aid helped Nigeria?Community based projects supported by charities, delivered directly to where needed, no money wasted, aid from USA educates people on spread of HIV/AIDS, World Bank approved US$500 million fund to provide long term loans to businesses (reduces over dependence on oil exports)
  114. 114What prevents aid being used effectively in Nigeria?Corruption in government, government can divert money for other purposes, money may be used to promote the commercial self-interest of the donor
  115. 115What does economic development affecting the environment in Nigeria include?Industrial growth and urban growth
  116. 116How has industrial growth affected the environment in Nigeria?Industries dispose of chemical waste on nearby land which threatens groundwater quality, industrial chimneys emit poisonous gases causing respiratory/heart problems, 70-80% of Nigeria's forests destroyed through logging
  117. 117How has urban growth affected the environment in Nigeria? (increasing urbanisation)Squatter settlements, waste disposal, services can't keep up, traffic congestion leads to exhaust emissions, bush burning damages trees and wildlife and reduces biodiversity
  118. 118How has commercial farming as a result of economic development affected the environment in Nigeria?Commercial farming caused land degradation, building of roads destroys habitats and adds to CO2 emissions
  119. 119How has oil and mineral extraction as a result of economic development affected the environment in Nigeria?Mining causes soil erosion and pollution of water supplies, oil spills cause fires and release CO2, spills also cause acid rain
  120. 120What happened in the Bodo oil spills?2 large oil spills took place in 2008 and 2009 in the swamps around the town of Bodo in the Niger Delta
  121. 121What were the impacts of the Bodo oil spills?II million gallons of crude oil spilled over the swamps
  122. 122How were the Bodo oil spills resolved?Shell agreed to pay £55 million compensation, largest compensation paid by oil company to local community affected by environmental damage, money used to build health clinics/improve schools agreed to clean up area
  123. 123How has economic development improved quality of life in Nigeria?Access to better diet - higher productivity at work/school, reliable electricity - go out at night, higher disposable income - spend on recreation, better health care - better equipped hospitals
  124. 124What evidence is there to suggest that economic development has improved people's quality of life in Nigeria?Between I990 and 20I3 births attended by skilled health staff increased by 7%, in 20II Nigeria had one of the highest HDI improvements over the past decade
  125. 125Has economic development improved everyone's quality of life in Nigeria?60% of population live in poverty, limited access to services, oil wealth not been used effectively so gap between rich/poor got wider, price of oil fallen, technology leading to developments of shale oil elsewhere
  126. 126What are some social problems in Nigeria?Religious divide between Christian south and Muslim north, kidnappings by Boko Haram spread fear

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GCSE Geography Flashcards on The Changing Economic World, created by Sophie Howe on 16/02/2021.
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Sophie Howe
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