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Flashcards

Hbio science

Bella Thornton English 80 cards

Cards in this deck (80)

  1. 1negative feedbackreversing the stimulus e.g. blood glucose
  2. 2positive feedbacka system that enhances the stimulus e.g. breastfeeding
  3. 3plasma membrane- Made up of two layers of phospholipids (head = phosphate tail= fats)
  4. 4mitochondriagenerates the power that the cell needs
  5. 5anaerobic cell respirationcell using oxygen to produce ATP
  6. 6RibosomesFree-floating in the cytosol, proteins used in cell. Attached to Rough ER
  7. 7Rough ERhas ribosomes to make proteins
  8. 8smooth ERDoesn't have ribosomes but does produce phospholipids, fats and sterols.
  9. 9Golgi complexConcentrates and packages the products of the ER into vesicles
  10. 10lysosomes (suicide sacs)a powerful digestive enzyme breaks down organelles, digest harmful substance e.g. bacteria
  11. 11cytoskeleton- structure
    - movemnet
    - tensile strength
  12. 12microfilaments in cytoskeletonSmallest- stop cell bring crushed
  13. 13Intermediate filaments in the cytoskeletonAnchors things in place e.g. nucleus. Also stops cells from ripping themselves apart
  14. 14microtubules in cytoskeletonall organelles hang off this and it allows organelles to move to different parts of cells.
  15. 15MicrovilliIncrease the surface area to absorb as much nurturance from food.
  16. 16flagellumfound in the membrane where something needs to move across the surface
  17. 17CiliaMOves the entire cell e.g. sperm
  18. 18Diffusionthe movement of a substance from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
  19. 19passive- Substance moves on their own kinetic energy done electrical or concentration gradients
    - Does not require input of cellular ATP energy.
  20. 20active- Substance moves ‘uphill’ against the electrical or concentration gradient
    - Does require input of cellular ATP energy
  21. 21Simple diffusion- Substances move freely between phospholipids
    - Move from high to low concentration until reach equilibrium
    - Move by kinetic energy (no ATP)
    - Small/lipid-soluble/non-polar substances
    - E.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide alcohol
  22. 22Osmosis (passive)- Movement of a solvent (in the body =water)
    - Mediated by a protein channel/directly between phospholipids – aquaporin
    - Moves from an area with more water (more dilute ) to less water (more concentrated with solutes)
  23. 23Active transport – solute pump- Solutes are moved uphill against a concentration gradient
    - Requires cellular ATP energy to change the shape of a carrier protein and ‘pump’ across the membrane.
  24. 24• Normal cellsDNA is unwound and Kinda like spaghetti which is called chromatin
  25. 25• Dividing cellAlthough when the cell Is going to divide it will wind itself up. Packaged up so it won't get damaged.
  26. 26DNA roles• Replicate - to ensure it gives identical genetic information (DNA code). - happens in every new cell
    • Provides the instructions for building every protein in the body.
    • Sequence of nucleotide that code for one protein e.g. gene.
  27. 27RNA• Makes a copy of the DNA to keep the genetic information safe.
  28. 28Cell cycle G0Exit from the cell cycle (nondividing cells)
  29. 29Cell cycle G1Cell metabolically active duplicates organelles and cytosol components
  30. 30Cell cycle S phaseDNA replicated (8 hours)
  31. 31Cell Cycle G2Cell growth continues enzymes and other proteins are synthesized.
  32. 32Mitosis• One mother cell form 2 generates identical diploid 2n cells.
    • Essential for growth and repair
  33. 33MeiosisOne mother call form 4 genetically different haploid (n) cells
    • Meiosis used for the formation of gametes (ova and sperm)
    • Cross over and exchange genetic material so the genetic recombination is slightly different.
  34. 34Apoptosis- Programmed cell death
  35. 35Epithelial Tissue (main)o Covers body surfaces e.g. skin
    o Lines body organs
    o Forms glands
  36. 36ConnectiveProtects/supports the body and its organs
  37. 37Muscularo Moves/generates heat
    o Skeletal (movement), cardiac (heart), smooth (muscle walls of hallow organs)
  38. 38nervousCommunication
  39. 39Three layers of epithelial tissue- one layer = simple
    - one layer but look like multiple layers = pseudostratified
    - two or more layers = stratified
  40. 40Three shapes of epithelial tissue- flattened shape = Squamous
    - Cubed shape = Cuboidal
    - Column shape = Columnar
  41. 41Simple Squamous epithelium(one layer and squashed)
    Function: allows passage of material by diffusion and filtration, secretion in serous membrane.
    Location: lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, membranes
  42. 42Simple Cuboidal epithelium(one layer, cube shape)
    Function: secretion and absorption
    Location: kidney tubules (absorb something back out of the filtered blood.)
  43. 43Simple Columnar epithelium – non-ciliatedFunction: higher levels of secretion and absorption, lubricants lining of digestive, raspatory and reproductive tracts.
    Location: lines the gastrointestinal tract.
  44. 44Simple Columnar epithelium – ciliatedFunction: cilia beat in motion, moving mucous and foreign particles towards throat, moving oocytes expelled from ovaries via fallopian tubes into uterus
    Location: Lines bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine tubes, central canal of spinal core and ventricles of brain.
  45. 45Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliumFunction: secreted mucous that trap foreign particles and sweep away mucous for elimination (where smokers cough comes from)
    Location: lines airways of most upper raspatory tract
  46. 46Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised)Function: protects again abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation and foreign invasion
    Location: forms superficial layers of skin- epidermis.
  47. 47Stratified squamous epithelium (non- keratinised)Function: protects against abrasion and foreign invasion
    Location: lines wet surfaces e.g. Mouth and vagina.
  48. 48Stratified cuboidal epitheliumFunction: protects and limited secretion and absorption
    Location: lines ducts of adult sweat glands.
  49. 49Stratified columnar epitheliumFunction: protection and secretion
    Location: lines parts of Utrera
  50. 50Exocrine- use ducts, empty onto skin surface or into lumen of hollow organs
    Function: product substances i.e. sweat, oil, saliva or digestive enzymes.
    Location: Sweat and oil glands, salivary glands and pancreas.
  51. 51Endocrine- secrete hormones which are transported into blood without using ducts
    Function: hormones regulate metabolic and phycological activities to maintain homeostasis
    Location: pituitary glands, thyroid and parathyroid glands
  52. 52Connective tissue functions- binds together and supports other tissues
    - protects and insulates organs
    - compartmentalises structures
    - is the body’s major transport system (blood)
  53. 53Connective tissue made up of- ground substance
    - fibres
    - cells
  54. 54Ground substance- is the material that supports the cells fibres
    - plays an avtive role in how tissues develop, migrate and proliferate
    - it can be anything from
    o a liquid (blood), a gel (loose under skin) , very hard (bone)
  55. 55- osteocytesare found in bone
    o osteocyte mature cell
    o osteoblast immature cell
  56. 56- Chondrocytesare found in cartilage
    o Trapped in the extracellular matrix of cartilage cells.
  57. 57- Adipocytesfat cells
  58. 58- Fibroblastan immature cell that processed fibre
  59. 59- Cardiomyocyteo Mature cardiac muscle (myo =muscle) cell.
  60. 60Areolar loose connective tissue- Function: strength, elasticity, support
    - Location: one of the most widely distributed connective tissue “packing material” of the body, underneath the skin, around the blood vessels, nerves and body organs.
  61. 61Adipose loose tissue- Function: reduce heat loss form skin, serves as an energy. Holds fat. Helps insulate us form cold.
    - Location: wherever areolar connective tissue is located around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow.
  62. 62Reticular loose connective tissue:Function: Binds smooth muscle tissue cells; filtered and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes
    - Location: stoma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, around blood vessels and muscles.
  63. 63Dense connective tissue (regular)- Function: provides strong attachment between various structures’ tissues stricture withstand pulling (tension) along long axis fibres
    - Location: forms tendons (attached muscles to bone) most ligaments.
    - Has arranged layers.
  64. 64Dense irregular connective tissue- Function: provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions, resist tension in many directions. As the fibres aren’t going in one direction.
    - Location: often occurs in sheets (tissue beneath skin and around muscles); fibrous pericardium of heart and joint casuals (shoulder join)
  65. 65Dense regular connective tissue (elastic)- Function: allows stretching of various organs. Is strong and can recoil original shapes.
    - Location: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea.
  66. 66Cartilage structure- Fibres – collagen fibres and elastic fibres
    - Grounded substances – chondroitin sulphate, gel like components
    - Cells – chondrocytes in mature cartilage
  67. 67cartilage function- Resists tension (stretching) , compression (squeezing) and share (pushing in opposite directions.
    - Precursor to bone and forms entire embryonic skeleton
    - Preisi to lubricate joints.
  68. 68Hyaline cartilage- Function: very smooth surfaces to allow for movement, flexibility and support. Weakest of three cartilages.
    - Location: most abundant found in the ends of long bones
  69. 69Fibrocartilage- Function: support and join structures together, strongest type of cartilage due to collagen
    - Location: Intervariable disc, knee, pubic symphysis- hip bones join anteriorly
  70. 70Elastic cartilage- Function: provides strength and elasticity, maintain shape of certain structures
    - Location: lip on the top of larynx. Part of external ear, sudatory tubes
  71. 71Bone tissue- Function: support, protect, storage, house blood-foaming tissue, serves as leavers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement.
    - Location: both compact and spongy bone tissue make up the various parts of the body.
  72. 72Blood tissue function- red blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
    - white blood cells: carry on phagocytosis and mediate allergic reactions and immune system response.
    - Platelets: essential for blood clotting
  73. 73muscle tissue (skeletal)o Description: long, cylindrical, multinucleated striated fibres
    o Function: motion, posture, heat production, protection
    o Location: usually attach bones by tendons
  74. 74- Cardiac muscle = walls of the hearto Description: branches, single nucleus, striated fibres with intercalated disc, involuntary control
    o Function: pumps blood to all parts of the body
    o Location: heart wall.
  75. 75- Smooth muscle =o Description: small spinal shape, single nucleus, non-striated fibres, involuntary control
    o Function: motion that controls organ volume, constriction of blood vessels and airways. Propulsion of food through G-tract. Contraction of urinary bladder.
    o Location: walls of hollo internal structures of the body.
  76. 76Nervous tissue- Conducting cells: respond to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
    - Supported by neuroglia- several different types.
  77. 77Tissue repair- The process by which tissue replace worn out damaged or deal cells
    - It is affected by nutrition (protein and vit C), blood circulation and age
    - Most epithelium tissue- a continuous capacity for renewal.
  78. 78Regeneration:new cells are identical to damaged cells (mitosis)
  79. 79Replacement:new types of tissue developed- this may lead to scar tissue.
  80. 80—

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Flashcards on Hbio science , created by Bella Thornton on 10/03/2021.
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