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Flashcards

Populations in Transition

Daniel Evans IB Geography English 99 cards

Cards in this deck (99)

  1. 1crude birth rate (CBR)The crude birth rate is the number of live births occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year. Source Publication:
  2. 2natural increase (NI)The rate of natural increase refers to the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by a factor (usually 1,000). It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
  3. 3crude death rateThe crude death rate is the number of deaths occurring among the population of a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of the given geographical area during the same year.
  4. 4infant mortality rate (IMR)The infant mortality rate is an estimate of the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator to measure the health and well-being of a nation, because factors affecting the health of entire populations can also impact the mortality rate of infants.
  5. 5child mortality rate (CMR)Under-five mortality rate - Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births. Infant mortality rate - Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births.
  6. 6fertility ratethe ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year
  7. 7total fertility rate TFRis the sum of the age-specific birth rates (5-year age groups between 10 and 49) for female residents of a specified geographic area (nation, state, county, etc.) during a specified time period (usually a calendar year) multiplied by 5
  8. 8age-specific fertility ratemeasures the annual number of births to women of a specified age or age group per 1,000 women in that age group. Unless otherwise specified, the reference period for the age-specific fertility rates is the calendar year.
  9. 9Age-Sex StructureThe composition of a population as determined by the number or proportion of males and females in each age category. The age-sex structure of a population is the cumulative result of past trends in fertility, mortality, and migration. Information on age-sex composition is essential for the description and analysis of many other types of demographic data.
  10. 10Age-Dependency RatioThe ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (under 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population.
  11. 11Ageing PopulationA process in which the proportions of adults and elderly increase in a population, while the proportions of children and adolescents decrease. This process results in a rise in the median age of the population. Ageing occurs when fertility rates decline while life expectancy remains constant or improves at the older ages.
  12. 12Antinatalist PolicyThe policy of a government, society, or social group to slow population growth by attempting to limit the number of births.
  13. 13Asian Tiger Countries / The Four Asian Tigersare the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. These regions were the first newly industrialized countries, noted for maintaining exceptionally high growth rates and rapid industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. In the 21st century, all four regions have since graduated into advanced economies and high-income economies.
  14. 14Baby BoomA dramatic increase in fertility rates and in the absolute number of births in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand during the period following World War II (1947-1961)
  15. 15Baby BustA rapid decline in U.S. fertility rates to record-low levels during the period immediately after the baby boom.
  16. 16Birth Control Practicesemployed by couples that permit sexual intercourse with reduced likelihood of conception and birth. The term birth control is often used synonymously with such terms as contraception, fertility control, and family planning. But birth control includes abortion to prevent a birth, whereas family planning methods explicitly do not include abortion.
  17. 17Brain DrainThe emigration of a significant proportion of a country's highly skilled, highly educated professional population, usually to other countries offering better economic and social opportunity (for example, physicians leaving a developing country to practice medicine in a developed country).
  18. 18Carrying CapacityThe maximum sustainable size of a resident population in a given ecosystem.
  19. 19CensusA canvass of a given area, resulting in an enumeration of the entire population and often the compilation of other demographic, social, and economic information pertaining to that population at a specific time. See also survey.
  20. 20Childbearing YearsThe reproductive age span of women, assumed for statistical purposes to be 15-44 or 15-49 years of age.
  21. 21Child-Woman RatioThe number of children under age 5 per 1,000 women ages 15-44 or 15-49 in a population in a given year. This crude fertility measure, based on basic census data, is sometimes used when more specific fertility information is not available.
  22. 22Contraceptive PrevalencePercentage of couples currently using a contraceptive method.
  23. 23Demographic TransitionThe historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low levels in a population. The decline of mortality usually precedes the decline in fertility, thus resulting in rapid population growth during the transition period.
  24. 24DemographyThe scientific study of human populations, including their sizes, compositions, distributions, densities, growth, and other characteristics, as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors.
  25. 25Dependency RatioThe ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the productive part; arbitrarily defined as the ratio of the elderly (ages 65 and older) plus the young (under age 15) to the population in the working ages (ages 15-64).
  26. 26DepopulationThe state of population decline.
  27. 27Divorce Rate(or crude divorce rate) The number of divorces per 1,000 population in a given year.
  28. 28Doubling TimeThe number of years required for the population of an area to double its present size, given the current rate of population growth.
  29. 29EmigrationThe process of leaving one country to take up permanent or semipermanent residence in another.
  30. 30Emigration RateThe number of emigrants departing an area of origin per 1,000 population in that area of origin in a given year.
  31. 31EthnicityThe cultural practices, language, cuisine, and traditions — not biological or physical differences — used to distinguish groups of people.
  32. 32FecundityThe physiological capacity of a woman to produce a child.
  33. 33Genderrefers to the economic, social, political, and cultural attributes, constraints and opportunities associated with being a woman or a man. The social definitions of what it means to be a woman or a man vary among cultures and change over time. Gender is a sociocultural expression of particular characteristics and roles that are associated with certain groups of people with reference to their sex and sexuality.
  34. 34Gender Equityis the process of being fair to women and men. To ensure fairness, measures must be taken to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from operating on a level playing field.
  35. 35Gender Equalityis the state or condition that affords women and men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially valued goods, opportunities, and resources.
  36. 36General Fertility RateThe number of live births per 1,000 women ages 15-44 or 15-49 years in a given year.
  37. 37Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)The average number of daughters that would be born alive to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime if she passed through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year. See also net reproduction rate and total fertility rate.
  38. 38Growth RateThe number of people added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period.
  39. 39High-risk pregnanciesPregnancies occurring under the following conditions: too closely spaces, too frequent, mother too young or too old, or accompanied by such high-risk factors as high blood pressure or diabetes.
  40. 40Illegal ImmigrantA foreigner who has entered a country without inspection or without proper documents, or who has violated the terms of legal admission to the country, for example, by overstaying the duration of a tourist or student visa.
  41. 41ImmigrationThe process of entering one country from another to take up permanent or semipermanent residence.
  42. 42Immigration RateThe number of immigrants arriving at a destination per 1,000 population at that destination in a given year.
  43. 43Incidence RateThe number of persons contracting a disease per 1,000 population at risk, for a given period of time.
  44. 44Infant Mortality RateThe number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year.
  45. 45In-migrationThe process of entering one administrative subdivision of a country (such as a province or state) from another subdivision to take up residence.
  46. 46Least Developed Countries (LDCs)Following United Nations' definitions, the term "least developed countries" includes 50 countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Yemen, and Zambia. These countries are also "less developed" in United Nations' terminology.
  47. 47Less Developed CountriesFollowing United Nations' definitions, the term "less developed countries" (or regions) refers to countries in Africa, Asia (except Japan), Latin America and the Caribbean, and Oceania (except Australia and New Zealand).
  48. 48Life ExpectancyThe average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life. Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth.
  49. 49Male Involvementmeans engaging men in actively promoting gender equity with regard to reproductive health, increases men's support for women's reproductive health and children's well-being, and advances the reproductive health of both men and women.
  50. 50Malthus, Thomas R. (1766-1834)English clergyman and economist famous for his theory (expounded in the 'Essay on the Principle of Population') that the world's population tends to increase faster than the food supply and that unless fertility is controlled (by late marriage or celibacy), famine, disease, and war must serve as natural population restrictions. See neo-Malthusian.
  51. 51Marital Fertility RateNumber of live births to married women per 1,000 married women ages 15-44 or 15-49 in a given year.
  52. 52Marriage Rate (or crude marriage rate)The number of marriages per 1,000 population in a given year.
  53. 53Maternal Mortality RatioThe number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year.
  54. 54The mathematical average age of all the members of a population.Mean Age
  55. 55Median AgeThe age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older.
  56. 56MegalopolisA term denoting an interconnected group of cities and connecting urbanized bands.
  57. 57MENA Countries - The Middle East and North Africa (MENA)is an economically diverse region that includes both the oil-rich economies in the Gulf and countries that are resource-scarce in relation to population. The region's economic fortunes over much of the past quarter century have been heavily influenced by two factors: the price of oil and the legacy of economic policies and structures that had emphasized a leading role for the state. The MENA region includes: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco. Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, West Bank and Gaza, and Yemen.
  58. 58Metropolitan AreaA large concentration of population, usually an area with 100,000 or more people. The area typically includes an important city with 50,000 or more inhabitants and the administrative areas bordering the city that are socially and economically integrated with it.
  59. 59MigrationThe movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semipermanent residence. Divided into international migration (migration between countries) and internal migration (migration within a country).
  60. 60Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are eight goals that all 191 UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015. The United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000, commits world leaders to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination against women. The MDGs are derived from this declaration, and all have specific targets and indicators.
  61. 61MobilityThe geographic movement of people.
  62. 62MorbidityThe frequency of disease, illness, injuries, and disabilities in a population.
  63. 63More Developed CountriesFollowing United Nations' definitions, "more developed countries," or industrialized countries (or regions), include Europe (including all of Russia), the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.
  64. 64Natural Increase (or Decrease)The surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths in a population in a given time period.
  65. 65Neo-MalthusianAn advocate of restricting population growth through the use of birth control. (Thomas Malthus himself did not advocate birth control as a remedy for rapid population growth.)
  66. 66Net MigrationThe net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population in a given time period, expressed as an increase or decrease.
  67. 67Net Migration RateThe net effect of immigration and emigration on an area's population, expressed as an increase or decrease per 1,000 population of the area in a given year.
  68. 68Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)The average number of daughters that would be born to a woman (or a group of women) if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the gross reproduction rate but takes into account that some women will die before completing their childbearing years. An NRR of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough daughters to replace itself in the population.
  69. 69Out-migrationThe process of leaving one subdivision of a country to take up residence in another.
  70. 70ParityThe number of children previously born alive to a woman; for example, 'two-parity women' are women who have had two children and 'zero-parity women' have had no live births.
  71. 71PopulationA group of objects or organisms of the same kind.
  72. 72Population ControlA broad concept that addresses the relationship between fertility, mortality, and migration, but is most commonly used to refer to efforts to slow population growth through action to lower fertility. It should not be confused with family planning. See also family planning.
  73. 73Population DensityPopulation per unit of land area; for example, people per square mile or people per square kilometre of arable land.
  74. 74Population DistributionThe patterns of settlement and dispersal of a population.
  75. 75"Population Explosion" (or "Population Bomb")Expressions used to describe the 20th century worldwide trend of rapid population growth, resulting from a world birth rate much higher than the world death rate.
  76. 76Population IncreaseThe total population increase resulting from the interaction of births, deaths, and migration in a population in a given period of time.
  77. 77Population MomentumThe tendency for population growth to continue beyond the time that replacement-level fertility has been achieved because of the relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
  78. 78Population PolicyExplicit or implicit measures instituted by a government to influence population size, growth, distribution, or composition.
  79. 79Population ProjectionComputation of future changes in population numbers, given certain assumptions about future trends in the rates of fertility, mortality, and migration. Demographers often issue low, medium, and high projections of the same population, based on different assumptions of how these rates will change in the future.
  80. 80Population PyramidA bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the distribution of a population by age and sex. By convention, the younger ages are at the bottom, with males on the left and females on the right.
  81. 81Prevalence RateThe number of people having a particular disease at a given point in time per 1,000 population at risk.
  82. 82Pronatalist PolicyThe policy of a government, society, or social group to increase population growth by attempting to raise the number of births.
  83. 83Purchasing PowerThe ability of consumers to acquire goods and services based on their possession of money and/or their recourse to credit.
  84. 84"Push-Pull" HypothesisA migration theory that suggests that circumstances at the place of origin (such as poverty and unemployment) repel or push people out of that place to other places that exert a positive attraction or pull (such as a high standard of living or job opportunities).
  85. 85RaceRace is defined primarily by society, not by genetics, and there are no universally accepted categories.
  86. 86Rate of Natural Increase (or Decrease)The rate at which a population is increasing (or decreasing) in a given year due to a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths, expressed as a percentage of the base population.
  87. 87Replacement–LevelFertility The level of fertility at which a couple has only enough children to replace themselves, or about two children per couple.
  88. 88Reproductive AgeThe reproductive age span of women, assumed for statistical purposes to be 15-44 or 15-49 years of age.
  89. 89Reproductive HealthReproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
  90. 90Sex RatioThe number of males per 100 females in a population.
  91. 91Social MobilityA change in status (for example, an occupational change).
  92. 92Stable PopulationA population with an unchanging rate of growth and an unchanging age composition as a result of age-specific birth and death rates that have remained constant over a sufficient period of time.
  93. 93SurveyA canvass of selected persons or households in a population usually used to infer demographic characteristics or trends for a larger segment or all of the population. See also census.
  94. 94Survival RateThe proportion of persons in a specified group (age, sex, or health status) alive at the beginning of an interval (such as a five-year period) who survive to the end of the interval.
  95. 95Total Fertility Rate (TFR)The average number of children that would be born alive to a woman (or group of women) during her lifetime if she were to pass through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given year. This rate is sometimes stated as the number of children women are having today. See also gross reproduction rate and net reproduction rate.
  96. 96Vital statisticsDemographic data on births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces.
  97. 97Women's Empowermentmeans improving the status of women to enhance their decision-making capacity at all levels, especially as it relates to their sexuality and reproductive health.
  98. 98Youthful Population / "Young" PopulationA population with a relatively high proportion of children, adolescents, and young adults; a low median age; and thus a high growth potential.
  99. 99Zero Population GrowthA population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of zero, achieved when births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration.

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IB Geography Flashcards on Populations in Transition, created by Daniel Evans on 15/06/2015.
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