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Description
Flashcards by Greg MacPherson, updated 9 months ago
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Created by Greg MacPherson
about 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unit One - Module 1 Psychology and Its History | Psychology and Its History |
| critical thinking | Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumption, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| empiricism | The idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge |
| structuralism | An early school of thought promoted by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the mind |
| introspection | The process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes |
| functionalism | An early school of thought promoted by William James and influenced by Charles Darwin; explored how mental and behavioural processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish |
| behaviourism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviour without reference to mental processes. Most psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |
| Gestalt psychology | Argued against dividing human thought and behaviour into discrete structures. Examined a person's total experience since the way one experiences the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences. |
| experimental psychology | The field of psychology that conducts experiments do study behaviour and thinking |
| humanistic psychology | An historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential |
| Socrates | Greek philosopher who believed that knowledge is innate |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher who believed knowledge comes from experience |
| Francis Bacon | British researcher who emphasized observation and experimentation |
| René Descartes | French philosopher who believed the kind and body are separate |
| John Locke | A British political philosopher who believed the mind at birth is a "tabular rasa" |
| Wilhelm Wundt | He established the first psychology lab in 1879 in Germany |
| Max Wertheimer | A proponent of Gestalt psychology |
| G. Stanley Hall | A student of Wundt Established the first formal psychology lab in the US in 1883 at Johns Hopkins University |
| Edward Titchener | A student of Wundt Used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements Introduced "structuralism" |
| William James | A legendary professor who wrote an important text on psychology in 1890. He was inspired by Charles Darwin and believed that thoughts and feelings were evolved functions. They were adaptive which helped our ancestors to survive. This made him a functionalist. |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | A student of William James at Harvard She became a famed memory researcher and the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1905. |
| Margaret FLoy Washburn | She was the first woman to officially receive a Ph.D. in psychology. She became a famed researcher in animal behaviour and wrote the important book, "The Animal Mind" |
| Ivan Pavlov | A Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning with his classical conditioning experiments |
| John B. Watson | He rejected introspection and redefined psychology as the study of observable behaviour Behaviourism became one of the two most important forces in psychology well into the 1960s. |
| B. F. Skinner | Like Watson, Skinner rejected introspection and became a leading behaviourist. He focussed his research on how consequences shape behaviour |
| Sigmund Freud | He was a famed personality theorist who was a leading proponent of psychoanalytic theory. Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviourism became the two leading forces in psychology well into the 1960s. |
| Carl Rogers | He was a famed humanistic psychologist. Humanistic psychologists rejected behaviourism and Freudian psychology in the 1960s. Instead he focussed on our potential for personal growth |
| Abraham Maslow | A famed humanistic psychologist who rejected behaviourism and Freudian Theory. He became famous for his "Hierarchy of Needs" |
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