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Flashcards

Research Methods - PSY311

smartazz_rae English 63 cards

Cards in this deck (63)

  1. 1INFERENTIAL STATISTICSstats designed to determine whether results of sample data can be generalized to a population.
  2. 2HYPOTHESIS TESTINGThe process by which researchers determine if their data supports or refutes the hypothesis; based on probability theory
  3. 34 STEPS TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING1: State your hypotheis
    2:Set the criteria for deciding when you should accept or reject a null hypo.
    3:Collect the data from your study and calculate the mean for your sample
    4:make a decision about the null hypothesis according to the alpha level
  4. 4WHAT IS A HYPOTHESIS?a statement regarding the relationship between or among two or more variables.
  5. 5WHAT IS A NULL HYPOTHESIS?states that in a population, there is NO change, NO difference and NO relationship.
  6. 6WHAT IS AN ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS?states that in the population, there IS a change, IS a relationship, IS a difference
  7. 7WHAT ARE CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION?1: mean=median=mode
    2:shape is symmetrical around central tendency
    3:tails approach but never touch the y-axix
  8. 8WHAT ARE THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION PROPERTIES?68% = 1SD above/1SD below; 95% = 2SD above/2SD below; 99% = 3SD above/3SD below
  9. 9WHAT IS NORMALLY EXPECTED IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEANS?We normally determine the expected mean of every possible sample of 50
  10. 10WHAT IS THE ALPHA LEVEL?the probability value criteria that's used to distinguish unlikely sample means from likely sample means.
  11. 11WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON ALPHA LEVEL?a = .05
  12. 12STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANTif the probability of an outcome is less than the alpha level, then we say the finding is statically significant.
  13. 13WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF SURVEYS?Descriptive and Analytic Surveys
  14. 14WHAT ARE DESCRIPTIVE SURVEYS?surveys used to describe people's emotions, opinions, feelings and behaviors
  15. 15WHAT ARE ANALYTIC SURVEYS?used to study relationships between variables
  16. 16OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS...provides richer data.. there's no cut-off point but the answers tend to be longer
  17. 17CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONS...gives survey takers a limited rang of options from which to choose; it's easy to analyze but data isn't rich
  18. 18NEGATIVELY PHRASED QUESTIONS...contains the words NOT, SHOULD NOT, CANNOT...etc.
  19. 19DOUBLE-BARRELED QUESTIONS...asks two questions in one and is confusing to survey takers; he/she may agree to one part of the question but not the other
  20. 20LEADING/LOADED QUESTIONS...suggests what the "correct" answer SHOULD be... causing survey takers to be dishonest
  21. 21RESPONSE SETS...should be avoided because they contain: "yea-say" and "nay-say" questions, socially desirable questions, and reverse item wording
  22. 22MAIL-IN SURVEYS...written, self-administered surveys
  23. 23TELEPHONIC SURVEYS...surveys conducted over the phone with a live person
  24. 24INTERNET SURVEYS...self-administered via the internet
  25. 25PERSONAL INTERVIEW SURVEYS...a researcher interviews participants
  26. 26FOCUS GROUPS...a group of people interviewed together..
  27. 27WHAT IS SAMPLING?a technique designed to create a small group of people that represent the characteristics of a larger group (taking a small slice out of a pie see how it tastes).
  28. 28WHAT IS A SAMPLING FRAME?a list of people who are in a population
  29. 29WHAT ARE THE 2 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES?Probability Sampling & Non-Probability Sampling
  30. 30HAPHAZARD/VOLUNTEER SAMPLEsample chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen
  31. 31SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLINGeach person in the population has an equal chance of being selected and is willing to participate
  32. 32SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLINGonly the FIRST person is randomly selected. After that, every nth person is systematically selected - the system goes into effect after the first person is selected
  33. 33STRATIFIED SAMPLINGinvolves drawing separate samples from a set of known subgroups rather than sampling from the population as a whole.
  34. 34PROPORTIONATE STRATIFIED SAMPLINGsample from each strata created that are consistent with their proportions in the population of interest
  35. 35DISPROPORTIONATE STRATIFIED SAMPLINGwhen stratas differ greatly in size and researchers may oversample the smaller traits..
  36. 36CLUSTER SAMPLINGused when there isn't a clear sense of the sampling frame.
  37. 37CONVENIENCE SAMPLESthe researcher's sample consists of individuals who are readily available
  38. 38QUOTA SAMPLINGstratified sampling but NOT random
  39. 39RESPONSE RATEthe percentage of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey
  40. 40SAMPLING ERRORthe difference between the observations in a population and in the sample that represents that population in a study
  41. 41CORRELATIONAL RESEARCHinvolves determining the relationship between 2 or more continuous variables
  42. 42WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS (DIRECTIONS)?negative, positive, zero and curvilinear
  43. 43POSITIVE CORRELATIONtwo variables that goes in the same direction
  44. 44NEGATIVE CORRELATIONtwo variables that move in opposite directions
  45. 45ZERO CORRELATIONno relationship between variables
  46. 46CURVILINEAR CORRELATIONas one variable goes up, the other follows initially but then changes direction
  47. 47PEARSON'S PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION COEFFICIENT [r]a statistic that examines the linear relationship between two continuous variables. it measures the direction & strength of the relationship.
  48. 48PEARSON'S CORRELATION COEFFICIENT STRENGTH.4 to 1.0 = large eff.
    .2 to .3 = med eff.
    .1 to .2 = sm eff.
    0. to .1 weak eff.
  49. 49SCATTERPLOTSprovides a visual representation of the direction and strength of the relationship between the variables
  50. 50RESTRICTION OF RANGEoccurs when most participants have similar scores on one of the variables being correlated
  51. 51CORRELATIONS IN APA FORMATex: r (65) = .21, p = .03 / there was a significant positive (or negative or no relationship) correlation between __ and __.
  52. 52SPSS OUTPUTpearson corr = r
    sig. (2-tailed) = ep. value
    N = degree of freedom
  53. 53TOP RULEcorrelations does NOT equal causation
  54. 54REQUIREMENTS TO CLAIM CAUSE AND EFFECT-temporal precedence
    -co-variation bwt variables
    -eliminating plausible alterantive explanation
  55. 55STATISTICSthe science of organizing and describing data and drawing conclusions
  56. 56WHAT ARE THE TWO BRANCHES OF STATISTICS?descriptive and inferential statistics
  57. 57DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSdeals with summarizing scores from collected data
  58. 58INFERENTIAL STATISTICSinvolves drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample obtained from that population
  59. 59WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WAYS TO INTERPRET COLLECTED DATA?frequency distributions, bar graphs and histograms
  60. 60FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONSarrangement of scores that goes from lowest to highest
  61. 61BAR GRAPHSa graphic presentation of a frequency distribution of categorical data
  62. 62HISTOGRAMa graphic representation of a frequency distribution of continuous data
  63. 63CENTRAL TENDENCYthe one number that best summarizes a distribution of scores

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Flashcards on Research Methods - PSY311, created by smartazz_rae on 23/10/2013.
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