GCSE History - Early Modern Britain (1485 - 1750AD)

Question	Answer
FIRST THINGS FIRST: How long did the Tudor Period last for?	1485-1603
FIRST THINGS FIRST: How long did the Stuart Period last for?	1603-1714
COURTS: What were Royal Courts and who did they deal with?	-Courts that dealt with the most serious crimes. -Dealt with all types of people.
CRIME (ROYAL COURTS): Give 6 examples of felonies which were punishable by death.	-Murder. -Robbery (taking the property of another by force, or fear). -Treason. -Rape. -Arson. -Theft of goods worth more than 12 pence.
CRIME (ROYAL COURTS): Name 4 trespasses which were punished by fines of money.	-Selling goods for the wrong prices. -Paying too high a wage to attract workers away from other villages. -Breaking legal agreements. -Assault.
COURTS (ROYAL COURTS): What were the limits of justice?	-Only free men could appear in Royal Courts. -Women could only go to court to accuse someone who had: a) Murdered her husband (but only if he died in her arms). b) Attacked her and this led to the loss of an unborn child. c) Raped her.
COURTS: What were manor courts?	Dealt with ordinary villagers in the countryside and made them keep to the rules set up by the local landowners (the lord of the manor).
COURTS (MANOR COURTS): What did the manor courts do in terms of punishments and protection?	-They could fine people for breaking a large number of rules that controlled their lives. -They protected the rights of people and made sure they weren't worked too hard or being fined too much.
COURTS: What did Church Courts do?	-Dealt with priests, monks and nuns and those breaking Church rules. -An example is not paying a tenth of your income to the Church.
SOCIETY: Why did war cause an increase in crime?	Increased taxes forced more people into poverty.
SOCIETY: What did the 'War of the Roses' cause and why?	-An increase in crime. -Due to a weakened local government. -Gave opportunities for criminals to commit crimes and escape punishment.
AUTHORITIES: What did medieval authorities rely on for crime prevention?	-Making groups of people responsible for each other's actions. -Deterring people by the threat of punishment. -Church teachings about right and wrong.
AUTHORITIES: What did medieval authorities rely on for criminal detection?	-Catching a person as they committed a crime. -Local people deciding if a neighbor was the kind of person likely to have committed a crime, based on past behaviour.
CRIME: What crime were the Tudors most scared of and why?	-Treason. -This was because they seized power by force and there were people who questioned their right to rule.
LAW: When was the Vagrancy Act passed and what did it state?	-Passed in 1494. -Forced beggars to work (in 1547).
VAGRANCY: What were beggars treated as?	Criminals.
VAGRANCY: How were vagabonds treated in York?	-Issued with badges to sick or injured beggars who were thought to deserve help. -This separated them from the 'sturdy beggars' - those considered lazy.
VAGRANCY: Which law was passed in 1531 in relation to beggars?	-All beggars were to be classed as either deserving a licence and badge, or punished. -The JP's put this new law into effect.
VAGRANCY: What happened to the 1547 Vagrancy Act, what did it state and why was it repealed?	-All beggars were forced to work. -Ordered that they should be whipped and branded. -This law was REPEALED, as it was impossible to enforce. -But it shows how worried people were.
VAGRANCY: Give 7 reasons why the number of beggars increased in the 16th century. (Don't have to learn all of them).	-Problems in the cloth industry increased the numbers of employed people. -Inflation caused prices to go up faster than wages. -Landowners kept sheet, instead of growing crops. This needed fewer workers. -Closure of monasteries took away support for the poor. -End of wars in England led to soldiers being left out of work. -Population increase put pressure on jobs and food. -There was no national system to help the unemployed and sick.
VAGRANCY: Name 4 reasons why begging was treated harshly and as a crime.	-Large numbers of beggars travelling on the roads seemed to threaten a society where people were expected to know their place within their local community. -The cost of supporting beggars was resented by the communities they ended up in. -Acts of charity did not seem to be enough to meet the rising demand from the poor people. -Poor people were likely to turn to other crimes such as theft.
CRIME: For the following causes of crime, what was the type of crime: a) Growth of towns. b) Enclosure of land, including common land once used by all. c) Changes in religious beliefs. d) Increased unemployment. e) Improved quality of roads.	a) Footpads in dark alleys. b) Hedge levelling to give access to common land again. c) Refusal to follow official religious beliefs. d) Beggars wondering from town to town. e) Highwaymen on open roads, robbing travelers.
KING: What was the dissolution of the monasteries and under which king did this happen?	-Under Henry VIII. -The king disbanded all monasteries.
PUNISHMENT: What were the 'houses of correction'?	-Beggars could be kept there. -Held people there who were awaiting trial
SOCIETY: Name 3 attitudes and beliefs at the time.	-Divine Right of Kings. -Hierarchy. -Property.
SOCIETY: What was the Divine Right of Kings?	The belief that God gave power to kings and queens. People breaking the law were therefore challenging God and his representatives.
SOCIETY: What was the belief of hierarchy?	-Society had a strict ordering with some groups of people above, or below, in terms of power, wealth and rights. -There was a sexual and age hierarchy too. -Men were in charge of women. -Adults had strict authority over women.
SOCIETY: What was the belief and attitude towards property?	-Richest people owned the most property. -Only wealthy people in parliament. -Laws made in parliament protected the rich. -Rulers believed that this was approved by God; any challengers should be punished. -Corporal and capital punishment were commonly used.
CRIME: Give two examples of social crime.	-Smuggling. -Poaching.
CRIME: What were footpads?	Street criminals.
CRIME: Why did the number of highwaymen increase and between which years?	-Better roads and improvement of road travel. -Between 1700 and 1750.
CRIME: Who was Dick Turpin?	A famous highwayman. He was hanged in York in 1739.
CRIME: What is poaching?	Hunting animals.
CRIME: What happened to poaching?	-It became a social crime. -Landowners increasingly restricted this sort of use of their property and began to use the law to punish those caught poaching.
CRIME: What did the poachers did to resist the law?	Organised themselves into gangs so they could fight off anyone trying to arrest them.
CRIME: In 1614, what was made illegal?	The exportation of wool.
PUNISHMENT: In 1661, what was smuggling punishable by?	Death.
CRIME: What happened in the 1730s?	-Increased taxes on brandy and tea. -More profitable for smugglers to bring these items into the country.
SYSTEM: Name 3 ways in which the system was challenged.	-Increasing population. -Increased urban growth and development. -Crimes against property.
SYSTEM: Explain the increasing population.	-1450, England had population of 2 million. -1551, England had population of 3 million. -1750, England had population of 7 million.
SYSTEM: Explain the increased urban growth and unemployment.	-In growing towns, people were harder to control. -The old world, where rulers knew the people they governed, was harder to maintain. -Situation more difficult as unemployed left their local areas in search for work.
TREASON: What was the famous case of treason and in what year did it happen?	-5th November 1605. -Guy Fawkes. -'Gunpowder Plot'.
TREASON: What was the 'Gunpowder Plot'?	The plot to kill King James I by Catholic opponents.
TREASON: What was the plan of the 'Gunpowder Plot'?	-Blow up the king, his family and leading Protestant aristocrats at the state opening of Parliament. -Put a Catholic on the throne.
PUNISHMENT: What was the punishment for treason?	Hung, drawn and quartered.
FEAR: Which three things did the punishment of a criminal depend on?	-Removing them from society (execution). -Fining them. -Hurting or humiliating them.
FEAR: How and why was this corporal punishment done?	-Often done by putting someone in the stocks, or pillory. -Done in order to have a mixture of retribution and deterrence.
BLOODY CODE: What was the bloody code?	A term used to describe the number of crimes carrying the death penalty from the late 17th century to the early 19th century.
BLOODY CODE: What was the aim of the bloody code?	To deter people from committing crimes, through giving out the death penalty.
BLOODY CODE: Did the Bloody Code achieve its aim?	No.
BLOODY CODE: Why didn't the Bloody Code achieve its aim?	-Many juries refused to find a person guilty if a death penalty would follow. -Fewer people were hanged in the 18th century under the 'Bloody Code' than the previous century.
BLOODY CODE: By 1765, how many crimes carried the death penalty?	160.
TRANSPORTATION: When did this punishment start and end?	From the beginning of the 17th century till 1776.
TRANSPORTATION: Why would you be transported?	For political crimes.
WILD: Who was Jonathan wild?	-Most famous criminal in 18th century Britain.
WILD: What did he do?	-Ran a successful gang of thieves and at the same time seemed to be the most successful policemen in the country. -Kept the goods his gang stole. -Returned them for a price.
WILD: What else did he do?	-'Caught' thieves. -They were really just rival gangs.
WILD: What did he call himself?	Thief Taker General of Great Britain and Ireland.
WILD: What happened to him?	His criminal activities got exposed and his popularity collapsed. He was hanged at Tyburn, London, in 1725.
--The following flashcards are about Witchcraft, and it ranges from the 1500's to 1700's--	--The following flashcards are about Witchcraft, and it ranges from the 1500's to 1700's--
WITCHCRAFT: Where were people tried for witchcraft in the middle ages?	In Church courts, which gave relatively light sentences.
WITCHCRAFT: Why were the sentences light?	-Ordinary people, who were too poor to afford doctors, relied on old 'wise' women. -These women tried to cure illnesses in both humans and animals, using magical charms and herbal treatments.
WITCHCRAFT: In which year and by whom was the first witchcraft law passed?	In 1542 by Henry VIII.
WITCHCRAFT: What did this law state?	That witchcraft was a serious crime in England.
WITCHCRAFT: Under this new law, what was witchcraft punishable by?	Death.
WITCHCRAFT: When did witchcraft accusations really begin?	In 1563 when a law was passed by Elizabeth I which defined major and minor witchcraft.
WITCHCRAFT: What was major witchcraft?	Trying to bring about death or raise the spirits of the dead.
WITCHCRAFT: What was major witchcraft punishable by?	Death.
WITCHCRAFT: What was minor witchcraft?	When someone used magic and charms.
WITCHCRAFT: What was minor witchcraft punishable by?	Imprisonment or the stocks.
WITCHCRAFT: When did witchcraft hunts begin in England and why?	After the 1604 law, passed under James I, that enforced all other witchcraft laws.
WITCHCRAFT: What were James I personal beliefs on witchcraft?	-He feared witchcraft. -He wrote a book, in 1597, called Demonolgie about it. -Disliked the secrecy surrounding what was believed to be the practice of witchcraft. -Saw this as opportunities for conspirators and traitors to get together.
WITCHCRAFT: Which four reasons explain why witchcraft became such a serious crime?	-Religion. -Economic hardship. -Social changes. -Civil war.
WITCHCRAFT: Why was religion a reason as to why witchcraft was made a serious crime?	-The Protestant Reformation made witchcraft an offence against the state and its ruler, whereas before, it was just an offence against the Church. -During 1500-1700, Catholic and Protestant rulers and Church leaders called for action against suspected witches, calling them 'Antichrist' as well as heretics.
WITCHCRAFT: Why was economic hardship a reason as to why witchcraft was made a serious crime?	-Period of 1580-1645 saw peasants and craftsmen suffer increasing hardship as real wages and work opportunities declined. -The gap between the rich and poor increased during this period. -Number of beggars and vagabonds increased. -Problems led to bad feelings between neighbours. -Bad luck was blamed on evil spirits and spells of witches. -Most accusations were made by wealthy people against poor people.
WITCHCRAFT: Why were social changes a reason as to why witchcraft was made a serious crime?	-Economic hardship led to families and small communities breaking up. -Due to people travelling to find work. -Many old women were left on their own. -In such circumstances, many turned to magic and charms as a way of trying to improve their luck and earn a living.
WITCHCRAFT: Why was civil war a reason as to why witchcraft was made a serious crime?	-Tensions in communities heightened during years 1642-49. -Once these religious and political conflicts died down, witchcraft craze subsided almost as quickly as it had risen.
WITCHCRAFT (TRIALS): Give 5 ways in which witches were thought to be witches.	-Unusual marks on the woman's body. -'Pricking' - a witch would be insensitive to pain. -Talking to 'familiars'. -'Proof' of guilt: if two 'proven' witches would swear that the accused was one too. -'Swimming test', based on the medieval practice of trial by ordeal. --First introduced into the witchcraft trials in 1612 under James I.
WITCHCRAFT: Give three reasons why accusations of witchcraft were made against women.	-Many men feared or even hated women. This hatred is misogyny. This has led some historians to use the phrase 'gendercide' to describe the European witch-hunts. -Christianity had always portrayed women as being morally weaker than men therefore they would be more likely to be persuaded to do the Devil's Work. -Puritans tended to see woman as temptresses, and objected to the fact that some older women carried out abortions, which was also a capital offence.
WITCHCRAFT: What was the most popular form of killing witches?	Hanging.
WITCHCRAFT: Where did the worst phase of witch-craft hysteria happen?	In East Anglia during the English Civil War.
WITCHCRAFT: What was happening in society?	-Conflicts over religion. -Control of authorities weakened by civil war.
HOPKINS: Who was Matthew Hopkins?	He created mass panic over witches.
HOPKINS: During his time as a witch hunter, what were his statistics?	-Accused 36 of being witches. -Able to get 19 of these hanged. -Another 9 died whilst they were in gaol.
HOPKINS: What was Hopkins also known as?	"The Witchfinder General"
HOPKINS: What did Hopkins get for each witch he found and then executed?	A fee.
HOPKINS: When were Hopkins' activities stopped?	In 1646.
HOPKINS: Why were his activities stopped?	-Broke the law and used torture to gain confessions. -As the Civil War came to a close, the authorities were able to reassert control over local areas.
WITCHCRAFT: Give 3 reasons why witchcraft trials began to decline (reason 1).	Economic and social change began to slow down, as many people started to become better off. This reduced tensions in villages and so more people became less suspicious and jealous of their neighbours.
WITCHCRAFT: Give 3 reasons why witchcraft trials began to decline (reason 2).	Although many people still believed in witches and the devil, in general, a growing number of people were taking a more rational attitude to what they now saw as superstitions.
WITCHCRAFT: Give 3 reasons why witchcraft trials began to decline (reason 3).	The reign of Charles II from 1660 saw the creating of the Royal Society and a huge increase in scientific experiments and discoveries, which were encouraged by the king. Many things that had been seen as the work of evil spirits and spells began to be explained by science.

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GCSE History - Early Modern Britain (1485 - 1750AD)

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