3062021
Description
Flashcards by Natalya White3647, updated more than 1 year ago
More
|
Created by Ben C
almost 9 years ago
|
|
|
Copied by Natalya White3647
almost 9 years ago
|
|
| Question | Answer |
| CHANGE: Give 6 changes that affected society after 1750, in terms of huge growth in sizes of towns and cities. | -Increased street crime and burglary. -Growth in alcoholism, disorder and riots. -Opportunities for crime with rich and poor living closely together. -Increased prostitution. -Theft of clean water. -Extreme poverty in slums. Growth of |
| CHANGE: Give 3 changes that affected society after 1750, in terms of movement of population. | -Immigrants move into areas of terrible poverty and exploitation - many turn to crime to survive. -Harder to know and keep track of people. -Navvies moving through country areas brought new crime. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: Who were the Tolpuddle Martyrs and when were they around? | -In 1833. -They were a peaceful group of Dorset farm workers. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: What did they do? | -Formed a trade union. -To try to stop their wages going down. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: Who had fear about the movement of the Tolpuddle Martyrs and why? | -Local rich farmers feared that they may lose control of their workers. -The government shared their fears because they worried that farm workers were challenging their right to control the country to suit the richest members of society. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: Were they violent? | No, so they couldn't be described as revolutionaries. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: What law was used to arrest them, when was it passed and what did it say? | -A law from 1797. -It existed to stop the swearing of secret oaths in the navy. -It was designed to stop mutinies. -Could be used on farm workers as they swore a secret oath not to tell anybody about their meetings. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: What punishment did the Tolpuddle Martyrs face? | Transportation to Australia for 7 years. |
| TOLPUDDLE MARTYRS: Why and when were the Tolpuddle Martyrs released? | -Released in 1836. -Due to huge protests. |
| CRIME: In this period, which people were treated as criminals? | Those who wanted reform. |
| UNREST: Which two things did the Government used to stop unrest after the 1789 French revolution? | -New laws. -Force to keep control. |
| UNREST: What happened in 1817? | Habeas corpus was suspended meaning that prisoners could be held without trial. |
| UNREST: What happened in 1819? | -Groups demanding the reform of parliament and the right to vote met at St Peter's Fields, Manchester. -Yeomanry (soldiers) forced their way through 50,000 people to arrest speakers. -They attacked the civilians. -18 unarmed civilians were killed and 500 were injured. -This became known as the 'Peterloo Massacre'. |
| UNREST: What happened due to the Peterloo Massacre? | -The Six Acts of Parliament was passed. -This banned civilians training with weapons, reduced rights to bail, banned unauthorized meetings, increased sentences for criticizing the government and made it expensive to publish cheap newspapers. |
| REFORM: What happened during the later years of the 19th century? | -Governments used reform to improve conditions. -This reduced protests and was a better way to deal with unrest than with the army or harsh laws. |
| CRIME: Which social crime was prevalent in the 18th and 19th centuries? | Smuggling. |
| SMUGGLING: Why was it used? | Due to the tax increases on certain items. |
| SMUGGLING: What happened on the coast? | Large numbers of people were involved in smuggling, hiding contraband, providing alibis for smugglers and trading with them. |
| SMUGGLING: What happened in inner cities? | They bought the smuggled goods. |
| SMUGGLING: What was the view of smugglers by the government? | -They were criminals. -They should be treated harshly. |
| SMUGGLING: What was the view of smugglers for the most people? | -They were heroes. -They had sympathy for them when they received their harsh punishments. |
| POLICING: Who created the Bow Street Runners and when? | -The magistrate Henry Fielding. -Established in 1749. |
| POLICING: What did the Bow Street Runners do? | They improved crime detection. |
| POLICING: What happened to the Bow Street Runners in 1754? | John Fielding established mounted patrols. |
| POLICING: What was the significance and failure of the Bow Street Runners after 1754? | -They had a bigger presence on the streets. -They were not present in sufficient numbers to meet the needs of London. |
| POLICING: What did the limited presence mean? | Magistrates usually relied on criminals being caught in the act or being given away by informers. |
| POLICING: What happened when there was large-scale disorder and what was the problem with this? | -Soldiers were brought in. -Usually resulted in deaths, like in Peterloo in 1819. |
| POLICING: Apart from the Fielding Brothers, name 3 other methods of policing before 1829. | -Part-time soldiers of yeomanry and regular troops. Could be used to put down riots or rebellions. -Parish constables. Dealt with minor disorder and beggars; arrested petty criminals. -Watchmen or 'Charlies' kept an eye on property in London. Usually old, poorly paid and organised by parish constables. |
| POLICING: Which Act was passed in terms of the police and when and by whom? | -Metropolitan Police Act. -Passed in 1829. -By Home Secretary, Sir Robert PEEL. |
| POLICING: What did the Metropolitan Police Act do? | Established the first, permanent uniformed police force in London. |
| POLICING: What was Peel's main aim of the police force? | To have a presence of policing that did not add tensions to society; he did not want the new police to look like an army. |
| POLICING: What did the new police do? | -Caught criminals. -Deterred crime. |
| POLICING: What was the knock on effect of the new police in London? | Counties around the country began to copy the example. |
| POLICING: What happened in 1833 and what does this tell us about the opinion of the police force? | -PC Robert Culley was killed. -Jury decided it was a 'justifiable homicide'. -Shows that the police were still adding some tensions to society. |
| POLICING: What increased police trust? | Improved pay and training meant the police developed a reputation for honesty. |
| POLICING: What big changes happened to the police force in 1842, 1878 and 1901? | -1842 - Detective department set up to solve crimes, not just prevent them. -1878 - Became known as the CID. -1901 - First Fingerprint Bureau set up in Scotland Yard, which increased the numbers of crimes solved by the CID. |
| PUNISHMENT: What happened before transportation? | Crimes against property were severely punished (death penalty). |
| TRANSPORTATION: Why was transportation used? | -No national prison system to house large numbers of criminals. -Lost control of America after 1776. -Tradition since 17th century of transporting criminals to colonies. -By 1780s, British prisons and hulks overcrowded and diseases. -Despite the 'Bloody Code' many feel execution is too harsh for petty crime. -Increasing petty crime in growing cities. -Belief that crimes against property deserve heavy punishment to deter criminals. -In 1770, Eastern Australia claimed for Britain. |
| TRANSPORTATION: When was transportation ended and how many people had been transported to Australia? | -1868. -In total, 160,023 people were transported to Australia. |
| TRANSPORTATION: Give 4 reasons why transportation ended. | -Australia no longer had a need for forced labourers and did not want the kinds of people that transportation brought. -Since the 1820s, an improved prison system in Britain offered an alternative to transportation. -Many people in Britain began to question the use of transportation. -Didn't deter people as they could start a new life in a colony. |
| BLOODY CODE: Give 2 reasons why the Bloody Code was ended. | -Many juries refused to find a person guilty if a death penalty would follow. -Fewer people were hanged in the 18th century under the 'Bloody Code' than the previous century. |
| BLOODY CODE: Describe the attitudes towards the Bloody Code. | |
| BLOODY CODE: Who abolished the Bloody Code and when? | Romilly ended the Bloody Code in the 1820s. |
| PUBLIC EXECUTION: When was public execution ended? | In 1869, but there had been campaigns to end them for many decades. |
| PUBLIC EXECUTION: Why did public execution exist? | It was common belief that by watching somebody being punished and killed, it would deter people from the crime. |
| PUBLIC EXECUTION: What didn't public execution work? | -Few spectators were deterred. -Pickpocketing was VERY common in crowds watching the execution. -Atmosphere of crowd was more like a carnival and not a sombre lesson. -Crowd showed sympathy for the victim. -Some riots against authority. |
| PUBLIC EXECUTION: When did the procession of the condemned to the London gallows? | 1783, nearly a century before the banning of public execution. |
| HOWARD: Who was John Howard and what was he appalled by? | -High Sheriff of Bedfordshire. -Appalled by conditions in the county gaol. |
| HOWARD: What did Howard want prisoners to have? | -Christian teaching. -Work. -Decent food. -Visits by chaplains and doctors. |
| HOWARD: What did Howard want in terms of the prison as a whole? | -Prisons to be cleaned. -Prison guards to be paid. |
| HOWARD: What happened as a result of John Howard's work? | -The 1774 Gaol Act was passed. -This suggested ways for improving health and sanitation. |
| HOWARD: What did most gaolers do with this Act? | They ignored it. |
| HOWARD: Why were Howard's ideas important? | Later reformers built on his work and took it forward. |
| FRY: Who was Elizabeth Fry and what was she motivated by? | -A Quaker. -Motivated by her Christian faith. |
| FRY: Why did Fry do in Newgate Prison, London? | Found women and children living in conditions of violence and disease. |
| FRY: What was Fry determined to do when she found these people? | Show God's love to them and try to reform them. |
| FRY: What did Fry set up and what did she suggest? | -She set up education classes and treated prisoners with kindness and respect. -She suggested rules and prisoners voted on them. |
| REFORMERS: What did both Howard and Fry want? | Rehabilitation / reform. |
| REFORMERS: What did many in government want instead? | Retribution and deterrence. |
| REFORMERS: Why were reforms made? | To stop prisoners learning criminal skills from each other. |
| PRISONS: Which two systems were introduced with their aim to reform prisoners? | -Separate System. -Silent System. |
| PRISONS: What did this lead prisoners to do and why? | Commit suicide due to the lack of contact with others. |
| PRISONS: Before the 18th century, what were the usual punishments? | Hanging, fining and corporal punishment. |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.