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Flashcards by aramon1982, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by aramon1982
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| biological and psychological theories | viewed criminals as born, not made |
| somatotypes | body builds thought to be related to certain personality characteristics or temperaments |
| "double male" or "super male" | individuals that were unusually tall and predisposed to aggressive and violent behavior |
| lobotomies | a surgery that destroyed the frontal lobe of the brain. performed on patients that were unresponsive to other treatments. |
| "twinkie defense" | when a person becomes depressed and uncontrollably violent because they consumed too much junk food and sugary drinks. |
| Sigmund Freud | He believed that people with too little ability to resist their impulses had Oedipus/Electra complexes, death wishes, inferiority complexes, frustration-agression syndromes, castration fears, or penis envy, leading them to commit hostile acts. |
| Alber Bandura | Suggested exposure to aggressive or aversive behaviors could reinforce people's tendencies to become aggressive. |
| Yochelson & Samenow | Thought criminals had distinct personalities and thinking patterns. And that criminals were victimizers not victims of society. |
| What was the dominant theory in sociology for the first half of the 20th century? | Structural functionalism |
| According to Durkheim, what constrained people's behaviors? | the norms, values, and laws they were taught. |
| Why did Durkheim feel deviance had positive benefits? | it helps remind people of the set boundaries and brings them together. |
| where does the structural perspective locate the cause of deviance? | outside of the individual and in the social structures. |
| What are the structuralists 2 main factors? | 1. differential opportunity structure 2. prejudice & discrimination towards certain groups |
| Deviant behavior occurs when? | when socially sanctioned means are not available for the realization of highly desirable goals. |
| According to Merton, anomie results from what? | the lack of access to culturally prescribed goals and the lack of availability of legitimate means for attaining those goals. Making deviance an alternative. |
| Cloward & Ohlin's 3 types of deviant opportunities | 1. criminal - arise from access to deviant subcultures. 2. conflict - people who have propensity for violence. 3. retreatist - people that withdraw from society. |
| conflict theorist view | society is pluralistic, heterogeneous and conflictual. social conflict arises out of incompatible interests of diverse groups in society. |
| feminist theory | takes a structural approach, locating the pervasive discrimination and oppression of women in society in the overarching patriarchal system. |
| Cultural conflict may occur when | 1. people from one culture "migrate" 2. during a "take-over" situation, when the laws of one cultural group are extended to another. 3. on the "borders" of contiguous cultural areas. |
| lower-class culture theory | suggests that when these individuals follow the norms of their subculture, they become deviant according to the predominantly middle-class societal norms and values. |
| interactionist perspective | looks in a more micro fashion at people's everyday life behavior to try to understand why some people engage in deviance. |
| differential association theory | deviant behavior is socially learned from intimate friends and family |
| Matza's Drift theory | people gradually leave their old crowd and become enmeshed in a circle of deviant associates. might keep one foot in each world. |
| Becker emphasizes that deviance lies in | the eye of the beholder. |
| control theory of delinquency | unnecessary to look for the causes of deviant behavior. should seek to understand what holds people back from committing these acts, what forces constrain and control deviance. |
| "The Constructionist Stance" | micro-interactionist approach, bridging the gap between the way labels are applied to individuals who then internalize them in their everyday life context. |
| Durkheim argues that deviance is | so critical to society that if people stop engaging in it immediately, we would have to redefine acts now considered acceptable as deviant. |
| why is crime normal? | a society exempt from it is impossible |
| 2 important elements of social and cultural structures | 1. culturally defined goals, purposes, & interests 2. what defines, regulates, and controls the acceptable modes of reaching out for these goals. |
| types of individual adaptation | 1. conformity 2. innovation 3. ritualism 4. retreatism 5. rebellion |
| differential associations may vary in | frequency duration priority intensity |
| when criminal behavior is learned, the learned includes | 1. techniques of committing the crime 2. the specific direction of motive, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. |
| conforming behavior is reinforced by | individuals' attachment to norm-abiding members of society. |
| psychopathy | lack of attachment to other |
| In patriarchal society, what is just as powerful of a system as class? | gender stratification |
| what characterizes the gender-related pathway of girls into deviance and crime? | the cycle of victimization to criminalization |
| the constructionist approach recognizes | that people can only understand the world in terms of words and categories that they create and share with one another |
| The constructionist perspective consists of what theories? | labeling and conflict |
| constructionist approach | involved studying claims and the claimsmakers |
| medicalization | defining deviance as a form of illness requiring medial treatment |
| social constructionism | focuses on understanding how concerns about particular forms of deviance emerge and evolve, and for studying how social control agents construct particular acts as deviant and individuals as deviants |
| what is a major contribution to female delinquency? | sexual abuse |
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