Flashcards

Geography revision cards

beckyraddats English 41 cards

Earthquake Not random Occur in narrow bands Tend to follow plate boundaries Volcano Not random Mostly occur with an…

Cards in this deck (41)

1—Earthquake
Not random
Occur in narrow bands
Tend to follow plate boundaries
Volcano
Not random
Mostly occur with an earthquake
Sometimes in small isolated clusters
2Destructive Subduction 2 plates collide Oceanic plate is lighter so subducts An ocean trench is formed Magma risesDestructive Collision
2 plates collide
Both crusts are the same weight so land moves upwards
Fold mountains are formed
3Constructive 2 plates full apart Magma fills the gap When the magma cools it forms new land A volcano can be formedConservative
2 plates move side by side
Pressure builds up because of jagged edges
An earthquake is formed by a jolt
4Shield volcano Constructive plate boundary Lava is not viscous Gentle explosion Lava spreads quickly 300m wide and not very tallComposite volcano
Destructive plate boundary
Lava is viscous
Violent explosion
Lava flows with ash and poisonous gases
Tall and steep sided
5Pyroclastic flow Huge burning clouds of ash, gas and rock blasted into the air can collapse and travel at 200mph Lahars Water and rain mixed with ash and debris Subglacial flow Glacial flow of iceAsh
Huge clouds that are released into the atmosphere
Lava flow
Flows out of the volcano. It is very runny and can spread over larger areas
6Spider Measures size, gas samples and change in land, Goes up instead of people and sends results to lab Time lap camera Measures land movement. It takes pictures of you can see the change in shape over timeTiltmeters
Measures a change in shape. It is not very advanced
GPS
Measures movement. It can measure tiny movements and on satellite images
Gas sampling
Measures gas. It see's increases in results
7Advantages of living near a volcano Beautiful Crops grow well Cheap houses Attracts visitors Metals are found Good for skin Geothermal energyDisadvantages of living near a volcano
People die
Loss of property
Breathing problems
Flooding
Power cuts
Climate change
Polluted rivers
8Monserrat volcano case study - Impacts Permanent migration Changed peoples lives Everyone evacuated In 5 years 65,000 people died People became ill Abandoned Houses destroyedPeople had no jobs
Planes were grounded
Children couldn't go to school
Cramped living conditions
People moved to nearby islands or the UK
9Monserrat volcano case study - Location Caribbean and North American plates North American plate subjected Caribbean island 12 miles long and 7 miles wideMonserrat volcano case study - Prediction
Volcano started rumbling
Gases were given off
Bulging of the volcano
Small, unfelt, earthquakes were measured
10Monserrat volcano case study - Immediate responses Capital city Plymouth was abandoned The south of the island was evacuated Migration into the northMonserrat volcano case study - Long term responses
The UK gave £14 million to help
MVO was set up to monitor the volcano and provide future warnings
Services in the north were expanded
New roads and an airport were built
11Super volcano - Yellow Stone Supervolcano A volcano which would affect the whole world, killing thousands of people. It would erupt at least 1000km3 of material The main attraction of yellow stone is the wildlife, scenery and waterfalls.Super volcano - Yellow Stone - Effects
Destroy 10,000km3 of land
87,000 people would die
15cm of ash would cover everything within 1000km
1 in 3 people would die
The UK would get ash 5 days later
Starvation
12Using fold mountains - The Alps - Location It's located in Italy, France, Switzerland and Austria The highest point is Mont Blanc (4810m)Using fold mountains - The Alps - Formation
Collision plate margin
Eurasian and African plates
Sediment built up
13Using fold mountains - The Alps - Farming Transhuman Cable cars transport food South facing slopes Animals are on flat ground in winter because no food can be grown Farmer buys extra food for winterUsing fold mountains - The Alps - Forestry
North facing slopes
Involves cutting down trees
Brings in money
Jobs created
14Using fold mountains - The Alps - HEP and mining Renewable energy Suitable for the area Fish are disturbed Creates jobs DangerousUsing fold mountains - The Alps - Tourism
Resorts
Water sports
Cycling
Jobs
Skiing/Snowboarding
Erosion of slopes
Less snow/ Climate change
15Earthquakes - Kobe, Japan - MEDC (1995) - Location 20km from epicentre Dense urbanisation 20% of the country is able to be built on The coastline is expanded by a third 7.2 on the richter scaleEarthquakes - Kobe, Japan - MEDC (1995) - Causes
5.46am
17th January 1995
Philippines plate subjected beneath Eurasian plate
Tremors lasted 20 seconds
Destructive Subduction
16Earthquakes - Kobe, Japan - MEDC (1995) - Primary effects 6434 people died by falling buildings 40,000 people seriously injured 4600 people were Kobe residentsEarthquakes - Kobe, Japan - MEDC (1995) - Secondary effects
300,000 people homeless
Refuge camps
2 million people without electricity
1 million people without water for 10 days
£220 billion costs
Big companies had to close
17Earthquakes - Kobe, Japan - MEDC (1995) - Immediate responses People searched through rubble to find survivors Hospitals struggled to copeEarthquakes - Kobe, Japan - MEDC (1995) - Longterm responses
Buildings were built further apart to stop the domino effect
Tall buildings were built with flexible steel frames
Rubber blocks were put under bridges to absorb shocks
18Earthquakes - Sichuan, China - LEDC (2008) - Location Rural areas around epicentre Poor areaEarthquakes - Sichuan, China - LEDC (2008) - Causes
Indian plate colliding with Eurasian plate
7.9 on the richter scale
Tremors lasted 120 seconds
2.29pm
12th May 2008
19Earthquakes - Sichuan, China - LEDC (2008) - Primary effects 80% of nearby buildings collapsed 5 million buildings collapsed 8700 died 34,000 injuredEarthquakes - Sichuan, China - LEDC (2008) - Secondary effects
11 million people were homeless
No phones worked
Roads were blocked by landslides
$75 million to repair
Fears of flooding
20Earthquakes - Sichuan, China - LEDC (2008) - Immediate responses 20 helicopters went to rescue people Parachutes were used to get access Land was flattened to allow for tents 30 hours before any response Community searched for survivorsEarthquakes - Sichuan, China - LEDC (2008) - Longterm responses
3.3 million tents needed
2 days later, China requested international help
Survivors debts were written off
£100 million donated to the red cross in 2 weeks
21Indian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004 - Thailand Western coast badly affected including Phuket and Phi Phi IslandsIndian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004
Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates
Plates flex causing displacement
Water splits and heads in different directions
Waves travel up land
9.1 on the richter scale
Destruction
22Indian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004 - India Large areas covered by water 250,000 deaths 650,000 injuredIndian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004 - Indonesia
Buildings were destroyed
1500 settlements wiped out
People were killed
23Indian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004 - Immediate responses Fresh water, food, sheets and tents given Promised money by UK (£75 million) and donations (£100 million) Water purification tablets were givenIndian Ocean Tsunami - Boxing Day 2004 - Longterm responses
£372 million donated by British public
20,000 homes rebuilt for 100,000 people
Warning system was set up in June 2006
People were taught how to respond incase of another disaster
24Constructive waves Builds beaches Strong swash Weak backwash Carries material up the beach in the swash Common in summer Each wave is lowDestructive waves
Destroys beaches
Weak swash
Strong backwash
Drags material into the sea in the backwash
Common in winter
High and frequent
25Attrition This is where the rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another, causing the rock to become smaller and more roundedCorrosion
This involves fragments of rock being picked up and hurled by the sea at the cliff. The rocks scrape and gauge the rock
26Solution Some rocks are vulnerable to being dissolved by the sea particulary rocks such as limestone and chalk Abrasion This is the sandpaper effect of pebbles grading over a rocky platform, often causing it to become smoothHydraulic action
This involves the sheer power of the waves as they smash into a cliff. Trapped air is blasted into holes in the rock., eventually causing the rock to break apart. The explosive force of trapped air is called cavitation
27Solution - Dissolved into waterSuspension - Fine particles that float
28Saltation - A 'hoping' motion of particles too heavy to be suspendedTraction - Large pebbles are rolled along the sea bed
29—Spit
A finger of new land made of sand or shingle, jutting out into the sea from the coast
Salt marsh
Low lying coastal wet land mostly extending between high and low tide
30Cliff collapse - Barton on Sea, Hampshire Limestone boulders protect the cliff Timber groynes replaced with rock groynes Vegetation slows down the retreat of a cliffCliff collapse - Barton on Sea, Hampshire
Landslide - 15th May 2008
Houses destroyed
Relocating
Unemployment
Reduced tourism
Weaker cliffs
31Live in an urban area More technology Leisure oppertunities Higher wages Better transport Better education City lifestyleLeave a rural area
Limited activities
Better education in the city
Not enough jobs
Far away from medical help
Limited transport
32The Burgess Model MEDCThe Burgess Model
LEDC
33Squatter Settlements - Dharavi, Mumbai - Background Economic and commercial capital of India Richest country in India Population of 18.7 million 67% of population is HinduSquatter Settlements - Dharavi, Mumbai - Problems
1 toilet per 1440 residents
Limited clean water
Water is contaminated easily
Easy to get diseases
90% of units are illegal
Settlements built on a waste heap
34Squatter Settlements - Dharavi, Mumbai Formed in 1882 due to high rural-urban migration People wanted to work in factories Population is between 300,000 and 1 million Most densely populated place in the world Lots of migrantsSquatter Settlements - Dharavi, Mumbai - Redevelopment
£1.1 billion plans to redevelop since 1997
14 story flats on 60 % of land to house residents
Schools to educate children
35Sustainable community - BedZed South London Suburbs Brownfield site Close to city centre Good transport links Schools nearby Strong communitySustainable community - BedZed - Houses
300mm insulation
Solar panels
Requires no heating
Garden per house
Building materials from within 35 miles
Recycling bins
Air tight windows
36Sustainable living in the UK Use public transport to reduce pollution Provides green spaces Use renewable resources Integrated transport Use brownfield sites to not waste space Recycling to reduce landfill Cycle lanesSustainable development
Meeting the needs of today whilst protecting the needs of the future generations
Carbon neutral and Zero carbon
The amount of energy taken from the grid is less than the amount put in by renewable resources
37Processes leading to the decline in city centres Counter urbanisation Movement away from city centres particularly people Decentralisation Movement away from city centres particularly businessesProcesses leading to the decline in city centres
De-industrialisation
Decline of secondary industry
Suburbanisation
Movement of people to the rural-urban fringe
38Hulme City Challenge Built 300 new homes closer to peoples jobs 400 homes improved to give better living conditions Community centre provided somewhere to socialise Crime rates were greatly reduced Jobs were provided by big companiesHulme City Challenge
Local university housing bought lots of people to the area
The visitors make lots of money
Buildings look modern and are spread out
Bigger energy efficient houses with gardens were built
39Issues in the inner city Overcrowding Unemployment High crime rate Low income Council houses Air and water pollution LitterIssues in the CBD
Crime
Unattractive
Graffiti
Pollution
Closed down shops
Old buildings
Congestion
40Greenfield site - Advantages More physically attractive environment No restrictions from previous roads Site doesn't need to be cleaned Houses are usually larger and have a garden Few social problems Land is cheaper to build onGreenfield site - Disadvantages
Cars need to be used to get around
Little community spirit
Congestion
Limited access
Electricity, gas and water need to be installed
Destroys habitats
41Brownfield sites - Advantages Makes the area look nicer Easily accessible Less traffic and pollution Using up otherwise wasted land Easy to get planning permission Redevelop old houses Already has gas, water and electricityBrownfield sites - Disadvantages
Limited number of houses built
Few brownfield sites
Road closures whilst building
Noisy
Polluted air
Expensive to clear the area
Social issues with existing residents