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- 1THE CONVENTIONAL MEANING OF WORDS AND STRUCTURES USEDIf we don't understand the meaning of the words and structures used in a text, we cannot work out its implied meaning. Knowledge of language may be sufficient but it is essential to understand any kind of verbal communication. This means that any mistranslations of words and structures in the source text may well affect the calculability of implicatures in the target text. In every language, there are conventional associations between certain linguistic patterns. Louw and Sinclair discussed a feature of language patterning which was first identified by Sinclair but without name. This feature is now known as SEMANTIC PROSODY and it gives rise to very subtle implicatures that are often processed subliminally without the speaker or hearer necessarily being conscious of the attitude expressed by the item in question. Moreover, Louw defines semantic prosody as an aura of meaning which can be negative or positive but more commonly it is negative.
Finallu, typographic features also play a role in conveying certain implicatures. In English, the use of inverted commas around a word - 2-or expression can suggest a range of implied meanings. It can suggest disagreement with the use of a word or expression, emphasis, irony or tentativeness about the appropriateness or applicability of an expression. But other languages prefer to convey similar meaning lexically or grammatically.
- 3THE IDENTITY OF REFERENCESAnother important factor is to understand references. The ability to identify references to participants, events, entities and practises is essential for drawing inferences and for maintaining the coherence of the text. A proper name or even a reference to a type of food or gadget which is unknown to the reader can disrupt the continuity of the text.
- 4THE CO-OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AND ITS MAXIMS-
- 5THE CONTEXT, LINGUISTIC OR OTHERWISE, OF THE UTTERANCEThe context in which an utterance occurs determines the range of implicature that may be derived from it. Sperber and Wilson suggest that the context provide premises without which implicature cannot be inferred at all. Moreover, the context also includes the co-text and the linguistic conventions of a community in general. The context also includes strategies that people regularly use to impose some kind of structure on the world around theme. This strategies include temporal order because in listing a series of items a person would normally follow a preferred sequence rather than a random one. And this temporal order can be modified or even reversed.
- 6OTHER ITEMS OF BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE-
- 7THE AVAILABILITY OF RELEVANT ITEMS FALLING ON PREVIOUS HEADINGS-
- 8—
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- Flashcards on Untitled, created by Maria Perrotti on 13/06/2021.
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- Maria Perrotti
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