Flashcards
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Cards in this deck (31)
- 1Atoms• Made up of mostly empty space
• Nucleus center contains Neutrons and Protons
• Electrons arranged in clouds or orbits around the nucleus
• Try to lose or gain outer electrons to have complete shells – octets (can form ions)
• Rutherford’s experiment - 2Rutherford's ExperimentThe gold-foil experiment showed that the atom consists of a small, massive, positively charged nucleus with the negatively charged electrons being at a great distance from the center. Niels Bohr built upon Rutherford's model to make his own.
- 3Protons• Have mass of 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
• Positively charged (+1)
• Located in Nucleus - 4Neutrons• Have mass of 1 amu
• No Charge
• Located in Nucleus - 5Electrons• Have virtually no mass
• Negatively charged (-1)
• Located in orbitals around the Nucleus - 6Atomic Mass and Mass Number• Atomic Number is given by the number of Protons (also equal to number of electrons)
• Mass number is the total of protons AND Neutrons - 7Periodic Table• Atoms are arranged in periodic table by their properties
• Increase by atomic number/number of protons and electrons present
• Ordered in columns (groups) and rows (periods)
• Compare 4 properties of Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids - 8MetalsA metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically malleable or ductile.
- 9Lustrous, Malleable and DuctileLustrous - Shiny when polished
Malleable - can be shaped without breaking
Ductile - Stretched (normally into wire) without breaking, losing strength or hardness of the metal - 10Non-metalsIn chemistry, a nonmetal is a chemical element that mostly lacks the characteristics of a metal. Physically, a nonmetal tends to have a relatively low melting point, boiling point, and density. A nonmetal is typically brittle when solid and usually has poor thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity.
- 11MetalloidsA metalloid is a type of chemical element which has a preponderance of properties in between, or that are a mixture of, those of metals and nonmetals. There is no standard definition of a metalloid and no complete agreement on which elements are metalloids.
- 12Ions• An ion is an atom that has different numbers of protons and electrons
• The net charge is not zero
• An atom cannot lose or gain protons - only electrons
• A positively charged ion is a Cation - atom has lost electrons (negativity)
• A negatively charged ion is a Anion - atom has gained electrons - 13Elements and Compounds• An element is made up of a single type of atom
• A compound is made up of 2 or more types of atoms
• Compounds must be electrostatically neutral
• Molecule - a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction – eg water, carbon dioxide - 14Crossover method• Used to balance compounds charges
• Coefficient – number of molecules/metal atoms
• Superscripts - valency charge
• Subscript - the number of atoms
• Superscripts become subscripts in the crossover
- 15Acids and Bases• Measured by pH scale from 1 to 14. 7 is neutral
• Acids contain Hydrogen ions
• Bases contain Hydroxide ions
• Can be determined by indicators – red cabbage prac - 16Ph Scale1-6 - acidic
7-8 - neutral
9-14 - bases
- 17Chemical Reactions• Can be described in words or symbols
• Can be endothermic [enters - Energy is absorbed] or exothermic [exits – Energy released] - 18Conversion of Mass/Matter• All matter prior to reaction must be present after a reaction takes place
- 19Balancing Equations• All atoms on the reactants side must be present on the product side.
• Cannot change subscript numbers
• Only modify coefficients or number of molecules of compounds present - 20Combustion and Corrosion Reactions• Both reactions use oxygen in the reaction
• Complete combustion produces – CO2 and H2O
• Iron – rust, silver – tarnish, copper – verdigris, aluminium - anodized - 21Acid Reactions• Acid + metal = Salt + hydrogen gas
• Acid + Base = Salt and water [neutralization]
• Acid + carbonate = Salt + carbon-dioxide + water - 22Reactions of LifePhotosynthesis [endothermic]
carbon dioxide + water + light = sugar and oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy -> C6H12O6 +6O2
Cellular respiration [exothermic]
sugar and oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• Compare - Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration - 23—
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- Flashcards on Untitled, created by Paige McCullagh on 15/06/2021.
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- Paige McCullagh
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- Created by Paige McCullagh · Jun 15, 2021
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