Flashcards
Psychology Chapter 9
Cards in this deck (48)
- 1Human Languagecommunication system specific to homo sapiens; it is open and symbolic, has rules of grammar, and allows its users to express abstract and distinct ideas.
- 2Syntaxrules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language
- 3Grammarthe entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language
- 4ProtolanguageVery rudimentary language; also known as pre-language; used by earlier species of homo
- 5Cognitive PsychologyThe study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems
- 6CooingThe first sounds humans make other than crying, consisting almost exclusively of vowels; occurs during first 6 months of life.
- 7ProtolanguageVery rudimentary language;
also known as pre-language;
used by earlier species of Homo - 8BabblingSounds made as a result of the infant's experimentation with a complex range of phonemes, which include consonants as well as vowels; starts around 5-6 months.
- 9CooingThe first sounds humans make other than crying, consisting almost exclusively of vowels; occurs during first 6 months of life
- 10One-Word UtterencesSingle words, such as "mama," "dada," "more," or "no!"; occur around 12 months of age
- 11BabblingSounds made as a result of the infant's experimentatino with a complex range of phonemes, which include consonants as well as vowels;
starts around 5-6 months - 12Two-Word UtterancesPhrases children put together, starting around 18 months, such as "my ball," "mowawa," or "go away"
- 13One-Word UtterancesSingle words, such as "mama," "dada," "more" or "no!";
occur around 12 months of age - 14Sentence PhaseStage when children begin speaking in fully grammatical sentences; usually age 2 and a half to 3
- 15Two-Word UtterancesPhrases children put together, starting around 18 months, such as "my ball," mowawa," or "go way."
- 16Child Directed SpeechChanges in adult speech patterns when speaking to young children or infants;
Characterized by higher pitch, changes in voice volume, use of simpler sentences, emphasis on the here and now, and use of emotion to communicate messages. - 17Sentence PhaseStage when children begin speaking in fully grammatical sentences;
usually age 2 and half to 3 - 18Nativist View of LanguageThe idea that we discover language rather than learn it, that language development is inborn
- 19Child-Directed SpeechChanges in adult speech patterns when speaking to young children or infants;
characterized by higher pitch, changes in voice volume, use of simpler sentences, emphasis on here and now, and use of emotion to communicate messages - 20Language Acquisition Device (LAD)An innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language, proposed by Noam Chomsky as part of his nativist view of language
- 21Nativist View of LanguageThe idea that language development is inborn.
- 22Noam ChomskyLOOK IT UP
- 23Noam ChomskyLOOK IT UP
- 24Linguistic Determinism HypothesisTHe proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world; the view taken by Sapir and Whorf
- 25Language Acquisition Device (LAD)An innate, biologically based capacity to acquire language, proposed by Noam Chomsky as part of his nativist view of language
- 26Sapir and WhorfLOOK IT UP
- 27Linguistic Determinism HypothesisThe proposition that our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world; the view taken b Sapir and Whorf.
- 28Mental RepresentationA structure in our mind- such as an idea or image- that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present
- 29Sapir and WhorfLOOK IT UP
- 30CognitionMental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge
- 31CognitionMental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge.
- 32Mental RepresentationA structure in our mind- such as an idea or image- that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing sensed in the past or future
(not the present) - 33Visual ImageryVisual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present
- 34Mental RotationProcess of imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space
- 35ConceptMental grouping of objects, events, or people.
- 36Concept HierarchyArrangement of related concepts in a particular way, with some being general and others specific
- 37PrototypesThe best-fitting examples of a category;
(A robin is a better prototype for the category "bird" than an ostrich is.) - 38Inductive ReasoningUses specific evidence to reach general conclusions
1) Specific Evidence
2) General Conclusions - 39Deductive ReasoningStarts from general statements to find sepcific conclusions
1) General Statement
2) Specific Conclusions - 40Casual InferencesJudgments about whether one thing causes another thing
- 41Confirmation BiasTendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs
- 42Critical Thinkingprocess by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas
- 43Metacognitive ThinkingProcess that includes the ability first to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking
- 44HeuristicsMental shortcuts;
Methods for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgments - 45Representativeness heuristiceStrategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event
- 46Availability HeuristicDevice we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness
- 47Conjunction FallacyError in logic that occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone
- 48IdiomsExpressions unique to a particular language;
Usually their meaning cannot be determined by decoding the individual meanings of the words
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- Flashcards on Psychology Chapter 9, created by addison.renfro on 05/11/2013.
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