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Flashcards by Greg MacPherson, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Greg MacPherson
over 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unit Nine - Module 77 Prejudice and Discrimination | Prejudice and Discrimination |
| stereotypes | Generalized beliefs about a group of people. Sometimes they can be accurate and reflect reality. More often than not, however, they are overgeneralized and exaggerated. Stereotypes also need not be negative. |
| prejudice | Prejudice means "prejudgment." It is an unsupported, unjustifiable, and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. |
| discrimination | Discrimination is an action that is negative and unjustifiable towards members of a group. Sometimes discrimination is blatant. Other times, discrimination is more subtle. |
| ethnocentrism | This is an example of prejudice which assumes the superiority of one's own ethnic group and the inferiority of another. |
| microaggression | A discriminatory action that is indirect, subtle, or unintentional discrimination against members of a group. |
| implicit bias | An unconscious association, belief, or attitude toward any social group. |
| explicit bias | An association, belief, or attitude toward any social group that is intentional and controllable. |
| ingroup | An ingroup are the people with whom we share a common identity. |
| outgroup | An outgroup are the people that we perceive to be different or apart from our ingroup. |
| ingroup bias | The tendency for humans to be more helpful and positive towards members of their own group over members of an outgroup. |
| outgroup bias | The tendency to have a dislike for other people that are outside of one's own identity group or ingroup. |
| just-world phenomenon | The just-world phenomenon is the tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve. Because people want to believe that the world is fair, they will look for ways to explain or rationalize away injustice, often blaming the person in a situation who is actually the victim. |
| scapegoat theory | This is the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. In other words, when things go wrong, people tend to find someone to blame and use them as a target for our negative emotions. |
| outgroup homogeneity bias | Outgroup homogeneity bias is the tendency to perceive uniformity of outgroup attitudes, personality, and appearance. |
| other-race effect (cross-race effect) | The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. |
| own-age bias | Similar to other-race effect, this is the tendency to better recognize people in our own age group. |
| heuristic | A heuristic is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. These rule-of-thumb strategies shorten decision-making time and allow people to function without constantly stopping to think about their next course of action. Heuristics are helpful in many situations, but they can also lead to cognitive biases. |
| availability heuristic | The availability heuristic is the tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how easily it comes to mind. For example, events that are very vivid are more memorable which means they come to mind more easily and people will think they happen more frequently. |
| hindsight bias | Hindsight bias is the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (The "I knew it all along" phenomenon). |
| realistic conflict theory | The realistic conflict theory of prejudice states that increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tied to an increasing degree of conflict between the ingroup and the outgroup where these two groups are seeking a common resource such as land or jobs. |
| social identity | Social identity is a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership. |
| social identity theory | In social identity theory, three processes are responsible for the formation of a person's identity within a particular social group and the attitudes, ideas, and behaviours that go along with that group. These processes are social categorization, social identification, and social comparison. |
| social categorization | The first process of social identity theory. Just as people assign categories to others (race, age, gender, nationality etc...) to help organize information about those others, people also assign themselves to social categories to help determine how they should behave. |
| social identification | The second process of social identity theory. This is the process of forming one's social identity which is a part of the self-concept (how you perceive yourself) that includes the view of oneself as a member of a particular social group. |
| social comparison | The third process of social identity theory. This is where people compare themselves to others in order to improve their own self-esteem. One looks more favourably on themselves in comparison to people in an outgroup. |
| stereotype threat | A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | A prediction that causes itself to become true. In other words, the process by which a person’s expectations about someone can lead to that someone behaving in ways which confirm the expectations. |
| pygmalion effect | The Pygmalion effect is a psychological phenomenon that describes how expectations can modify behaviour. It provides evidence for the self-fulfilling prophecy, which is based on the idea that others’ beliefs about us become true because their belief impacts how we behave. |
| equal status contact | Contact between groups in which the groups have equal status with neither group having power over the other. |
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