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Flashcards

geography

sophie m English 86 cards

Cards in this deck (86)

  1. 1what are the six major categories of ecosystem?1. tundra
    2. grassland
    3. temperate deciduous forest
    4. tropical rainforest
    5. hot desert
    6. polar
  2. 2name the ecosystem being described: usually found in the mid-latitudes, where there are 4 seasonstemperate deciduous forest
  3. 3name the ecosystem being described: found between the tropics, where its always hot and wettropical rainforest
  4. 4name the ecosystem being described: found at high latitudes in northern eurpe and canada and alaskatundra
  5. 5true or false: algae is a producertrue
  6. 6what will break down and release nutrients of dead producers and consumers?decomposers
  7. 7why is deforestation happening so fast?- mining / mineral extraction
    - rising population
    - timber industry
    - farming and agriculture
    - construction of power and energy sources
  8. 8define deforestationthe removal of trees from the forest
  9. 9what could be the economic impacts of deforestation?- creates jobs
    - exports which can increase a country's gdp
    - tourism can be damaged
  10. 10define gdp- gross domestic product
    - the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country over a year
  11. 11environmental impacts of deforestation- more carbon dioxide in atmosphere which also comes from the burning of trees
    - soil erosion is more likely
    - decreased soil fertility
  12. 12what are the causes of amazonian deforestation?- pasture and cattle ranching
    - small-scale, subsistence farmers
    - fire
    - commercial farm cropping
    - tree felling and logging
    - other
  13. 13in 2018, how many km^2 in the amazon had tree coverage?3.3km^2
  14. 14how much of the world's carbon emissions each year are absorbed by photosynthesis in the amazonian forest?5% or 2tonnes
  15. 15how many tons of carbon are stored in the amazon rainforest?100 billion
  16. 16what percentage of deforestation in the amazon was logging responsible for between 2001 and 2013?6%
  17. 17what percentage of deforestation in the amazon was cattle ranching responsible for between 2001 and 2013?63%
  18. 18which ecosytem is found between the tropics?savannah grassland
  19. 19how can renewable energy worsen deforestation?- wind farms need space for turbines
    - forests are flooded so hydroelectric power plants can function
    - solar panel farms need areas that arent sheltered by sunlight
  20. 20what was the value of Brazil's metal exports in 2018 in billions of dollars?$28 billion
  21. 21which process removes carbon from the atmosphere?photosynthesis
  22. 22which country was the world's largest export of beef in 2018?Brazil
  23. 23how many acres of rainforest are burned per day?200,000
  24. 24long-term economic benefits of rainforests- increase in tourism =
    - eco-tourism could become a huge source of income in the future for countries and locals
  25. 25why is having more trees on earth a good thing?more carbon dioxide is extracted from the air which offsets humans' carbon emissions
    - photosynthesis by trees in the amazon absorbs 5% of the worlds carbon emissions each year = 2billion tonnes
  26. 26the moral perspective on deforestationwe shouldnt be cutting down the homes and habitats of aniamals, it destroys animal habitats unnecessarily
  27. 27how do rainforests impact the water cycle and local climates?a smaller area of rainforest would increase the likelihood of serious droughts and floods
  28. 28what useful products are grown in the rainforest?avacado, cashew nuts, citrus, chocolate and rubber
    ingredients used in medicine - over 7,000 drugs have been created from tropical forest plant species
  29. 29define the term 'antifragile'something is resistant to changes over time
    - preserving biodiversity makes humankind more antifragile
  30. 30what are the main reasons for protecting rainforests?long-term economic benefits
    regulation of water cycke
    increased photosynthesis
    source of useful products
  31. 31define the term selective logging - list its advantage- only cutting down trees of a certain species or age
    - preserves the structure of the rainforest and reduces soil erosion
  32. 32define the term debt forgiveness - list its advantages- many nations with rainforest have low per capita incomes and feel compelled to do logging and mining in order to get some quick cash.
    - if debts were lower, LIC would not feel such a need to do this
  33. 33define the term international hardwood agreementswealthy people like having teak or mahogany furniture in their houses
    - 2006 international tropical timber agreement has a hardwood agreement stating that any teak or mahogany sold must come from sustainable forest areas
  34. 34how does conservation and education help manage rainforests?- USA: logging is banned in Yosemite National Park, Yellowstone National Park and Zion National Park
    - education on the damage could encourage people not to do it
    - 'tragedy of the commons'
  35. 35define the term replantingplanting new trees to replace those that have been felled
    - lots of businesses are trying to do this
  36. 36define the term eco-tourismtourism that has minimal impact on the environment and that helps support local communities.
  37. 37why is overgrazing an issue for desertification?if livestock eat every plant on a plot of land, this can lead to soil erosion, no roots to bind the soil together and nothing will grow again for a long time
  38. 38define the term desertificationland getting drier, less fertile and more like a desert
  39. 39why is soil erosion an issue?lack of plants = exposed soil = nutrients are blown away more easily
    reduces the fertility of land and then reduces the efficiency of food production, which is a huge issue for agriculture and many countries
  40. 40define the term over-cultivationcrops are repeatedly planted in the same place and this uses up all the soil nutrients
    plants cant grow there for a long time in the future and soil erosion occurs
  41. 41tree planting could help desertification by:binding the soil
    sheltering other crops from wind
    areas of shade = slower evaporation
  42. 42soil management could help desertification by:areas of land can recuperate and restore their nutrients
    increase sustainability of farming
    using compost and fertilisers to improve soil fertility
  43. 43using technology could help desertification by:using artificial clouds to create shade - very expensive so not a very good idea
    using fences to stop sand entering plots of crops
  44. 44water management could help desertification by:crops that dont need a lot of water should be grown in regions at risk of desertification
    drip irrigation uses less water than surface irrigation
  45. 45why is surface irrigation a bad idea to fix desertification?can erode soil as lots of water is added at once - this makes the problem worse
  46. 46where is the thar desert?asia
    runs north-west india into pakistan
  47. 47opportunities for development in the Thar Desert- production of energy: Jaisalmer Wind Park
    - farming: canals bring water to help grow crops in the desert itself
    - desert safaris for tourists
    - extracting minerals e.g. gypsum
  48. 48extreme challenges in the Thar- extreme temperatures: water rapidly evaporates, temperatures are hard to work in, low water supply
    - inaccessibility: roads are covered with sand and crack due to the heat
    - low water supply: low rainfall + evaporation = almost no water
  49. 49where are headlands and bays formed?areas that have alternate areas of hard and soft rock facing the sea
  50. 50define soft rockrock with lots of cracks and joints
  51. 51what happens when the sea hits both the soft rock and the hard rock?more of the soft rock is eroded
  52. 52how does soft rock erode?inward, creating a bay
  53. 53what is the slow-eroding hard-rock called?headland
  54. 54how are caves formed?there are cracks/weaknesses in a rock and when these cracks get wide (because of hydraulic action, abrasion or attrition) they can become large enough to form a cave
  55. 55how are arches formed?caves are eroded from side of the rock all the way through to the other side which creates the arch
    e.g. durdle door, bow fiddle rock and the green bridge of wales
  56. 56how are stacks formed?when the top of an arch collapses because of gravity, a column is left behind and this is a stack
  57. 57define the term hard engineeringman-made constructions to protect the coastline from the sea's destructive waves
  58. 58what is rock armour?a pile of rocks or boulders
    rocks absorb some of the pressure and energy transferred by waves
    cheap
  59. 59what are groynes?fences that stick out at 90 degrees to the coast
    stop the process of longshore drift by trapping material against the fence
    create wide beaches - better for protecting the coastline from erosion and floods
    cheap
  60. 60sea wallsmade from hard rock or concrete = resilient and long-lasting
    shape is designed to reflect a waves power back out to sea instead of being absorbed
    reduce erosion, protect against floods
    very expensive
  61. 61what are gabions?wire cages full of rocks and boulders
    absorb some of the pressure and energy transferred by waves
    less erosion but wire is corroded over time
  62. 62define the term soft engineeringartificially use the sea, physical and natural processes to protect coastal areas from erosion and floods
  63. 63what is dune regeneration?improves and maintains sand dunes
    nourishing or planting plants helps to support dunes and helps them resist wind and absorb destructive wave energy
    planting lots of vegetation is expensive
  64. 64what is beach nourishment?adding more sand to a beach
    sand can be purchased or moved from another part of the beach
    sand and shingle is naturally pushed against groynes
  65. 65what is beach reprofiling?changing the make-up of sediment and sand on a beach to protect the coastline
    creates wider beaches, slowing waves and reducing energy waves have when they hit the shore
    can damage wildlife
  66. 66define the term managed retreatinstead of trying to stop the sea advancing, coastal defences are removed and land is flooded.
    land will become mangrove swamps or marshland but this protects land behind it
  67. 67what are the disadvantages of managed retreat?- land is lost to sea
    - people lose livelihoods if farmland is flooded
    - homes are lost
  68. 68what are the advantages of managed retreat?- protects land behind mangroves or swamps
    - no cost - no maintenance
    - increases biodiversity
  69. 69what are the negatives of sea walls?- expensive to build and maintain
    - can create a strong backwash
  70. 70which resources do humans need to survive?food
    water
    energy
  71. 71how are resources distributed globally?some countries have lots of energy, water, and food or maybe all 3 but some have very little
  72. 72where are resources consumed?if a country does not have a resource, it is often just imported from another country
    HICs consume more resources because they can afford to do so
  73. 73what is desalination?the removal of salt from water
  74. 74what is happening to consumption in newly developing countries?it is increasing
  75. 75food patterns in the ukdemand for seasonal food all year round
    demand for high value foods
    demand for organic produce
  76. 76who produces bananas?central american countries
    - companies:
    chiquita
    del monte
  77. 77things that contribute to the carbon footprint of a foodtransporting it
    growing it
    packaging it
  78. 78what % of UK's 2013 greenhouse gas emissions came directly from growing food?9%
  79. 79the trend towards agribusiness- increased use of chemicals and GM
    - increasing farm size
    - vertical farming: growing food on shelves in warehouses
  80. 80the uk's energy mix as of 2017coal: 5%
    natural gas: 39%
    oil: 36%
    nuclear: 8%
    renewable energy (wind, solar and hydroelectric): 3%
  81. 81environmental issues with sources of energyburning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases contributing to the greenhouse effect
    fracking for natural gas on land can cause micro-earthquakes under people's houses
    nuclear explosions are serious indicents
    wind turbines or hydroelectric power can harm or destroy wildlife's natural habitat
    wind and solar are not irrelevant
  82. 82economic issues with energy sourceswhen we run out of oil we will have to extract it from difficult places which is expensive
  83. 83ways to conserve waterflush toilet using less water
    reduce irrigation permitted for farming
    drip irrigating
    avoid long showers
    use water meters
  84. 84groundwater managementgroundwater - water stored in soils or pockets on rocks
    builds up over time - monitored to make sure we arent consuming more than it is being replenished
  85. 85recycling waterwater can be used for more than one purpose
    14% of Qatar's water comes from recycled waste water
  86. 86define the term grey waterwater that is recycled but probably should not be used for drinking
    - good for toilets or irrigation

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Flashcards on geography, created by sophie m on 05/09/2021.
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