Flashcards
Chapter 5 & 8 - Adaptation and Natural Selection
Cards in this deck (66)
- 1What two characteristics are a reflection of an organisms adaptation to its environment?1. Structure
2. Function - 2What three objectives must an organism must achieve?1. Assimilate matter and energy
2. Reproduce
3. Respond to external stimuli - 3What is the fundamental constraint on life for organisms?Energy acquisition
- 4What are autotrophs?Organisms that derive their energy from sunlight
- 5What are heterotrophs?Organisms that derive energy from consuming other organisms
- 6Organism food and habitat contribute to what two characterisitcs?1. Organism morphology
2. Behavioral diversity - 7Structural variations found among the same species represents what?Adaptations
- 8Who proposed the theory of natural selection?Charles Darwin
- 9What is the theory of natural selection?A mechanism to explain how organisms acquire traits that facilitate their survival and reproduction
- 10What is natural selection?The differential success (in survival and reproduction) of individuals within a population
- 11What 2 factors contribute to natural selection?1. Variation in heritable characteristics
2. Variation results in differences in individual survival and reproduction - 12What is fitness?An individuals contribution towards future generations
- 13What is evolution?The process by which the properties of populations change over generations
- 14What is an adaptation?A heritable trait that develops in response to environmental conditions
- 15A phenotype is what?Outward appearance of an organism
- 16What two types of alleles are there?1. Dominant
2. Recessive - 17When are alleles considered co-dominant?When each alleles contributes to the phenotype
- 18What drives the process of natural selection?The success or failure of individuals
- 19What is the gene pool?The sum of alleles of all individuals in a population and represents that total genetic variation of that population
- 20Not all phenotypes represent....?Adaptations
- 21What are 4 other factors other than natural selection that affect genetic variation within populations?1. Mutations
2. Genetic drift
3. Migration
4. Gene flow - 22What are mutations?A heritable changes in the structure of genes
- 23What is genetic drift?The change in allele frequency due to random chance associated with sexual reproduction
- 24What is migration?The movement of individuals between local populations
- 25What is gene flow?The movement of genes between populations
- 26The greater the distance between populations...The more pronounced the phenotypic differences
- 27How do geographic isolates occur?When gene flow among subpopulations is prevented
- 28How are the species classified that are in the isolated subpopulations ?Subspecies because they have a unique set of characteristics
- 29What is speciation?The evolution of new species often through separation of a population into two or more reproductively isolated subpopulations
- 30What is allopatric speciation?Speciation that results from geographic separation of a population into two or more isolated subpopulations
- 31What is sympatric speciation?Evolution of a new species within an existing population living in the same area without geographic barriers
- 32What is definition of life history?The lifetime pattern of growth, development and reproduction
- 33What is the main source of genetic variation?Recombination via sexual reproduction
- 34What type of offspring does asexual reproduction produce?Genetically identical clones of the parent (no recombination)
- 35What are the three types of asexual reproduction?1. Binary fission
2. Budding
3. Parthenogenesis - 36What is binary fission?Cells divide into two
- 37What is budding?A bud (outgrowth) pinches off as a new individual
- 38What is parthenogenesis?The development of ovum into an individual without fertilization
- 39What is a unisexual species?Have separate male and female individuals
- 40What are hermaphroditic species?Species that posses both male and female organs
- 41What are the 2 different types of hermaphroditic plants?1. Perfect flowers (bisexual)
2. Monoecious flowers - 42What are perfect flowers?The sex organs (stamens and carpels) on the same flower
- 43What are monoecious flowers?Separate male and female flowers on the same individual
- 44What are hermaphroditic animals?Bisexual with both male and female sex organs
- 45What are sequential hermaphroditic animals?Animals that undergo a sex change as individuals grow
Changes in sex ratios within a population may stimulate sex change - 46What are the three types of mating systems?1. Monogamy
2.Polygamy
3. Promiscuity - 47What is monogamy?Involves pair bonds between one female and one male
- 48What do monogamous organisms do?Care for their offspring
- 49What is polygamy?Involves an individual having more than one mate
- 50What is polygyny?Single male mates with many females
- 51What is polyandry?Single female mates with many males
- 52What is promiscuity?Defined by individuals (male or female) who mate with many individuals
No pair bonds are formed - 53What is reproductive effort?The time and energy allocated for reproduction
- 54What type of relationship is there between growth and reproductive effort?Negative relationship
More energy allocated for reproduction means less energy for growth - 55What is the trade-off between number of offspring and sizeMore offspring, the smaller they are and the less likely they are to survive
Less offspring, the larger they are and the more likely they are to survive - 56What are altricial species?Species that are born or hatch in a helpless condition requiring much more parental care
- 57What are precocial species?Species that have a much longer gestational period and are thus more developed at birth
- 58What is semelparity?A "big-bang" reproduction
Growth, storage and then a single bout of reproduction - 59What is iteroparity?The continual reproduction through an organisms life
- 60What is habitat selection?The process by which an organism actively chooses a specific location to live
- 61The quality of the selected habitat is critical because it will influence and organisms...1. Access to resources
2. Cover from predation
3. Ability to attract a mate - 62In what two ways can habitats be classified?1. Temporarily variable (unstable)
2. Stable (constant and long-standing) - 63What are r-strategists?Short-lived, have fast growth rates, reproduce early and have high reproductive output
- 64Where are r-strategists usually found?Unstable, unpredictable environments
- 65What are K-strategists?Long-lived, have slow growth rates, reproduce late and have low reproductive output
- 66Where are K-strategists usually found?In stable environments
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- TOEFL BIO 201 - Ecology Flashcards on Chapter 5 & 8 - Adaptation and Natural Selection , created by Mariah Kampman on 07/10/2021.
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- Mariah Kampman
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