Flashcards
Chapter 1.5: Introduction to Criminal Behaviour
Cards in this deck (52)
- 1DRUG USE SELF-REPORT SURVEYSMajor surveys: National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
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Monitoring the Future (MtF)
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Arrestees Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM and ADAM II) - 2NSDUHOngoing survey of a random sample
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Noninstitutionalized population of US --> 12 y/o + - 3NSDUHSponsored by the fed govt --> conducted by a private research firm
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Collects and analyses the data
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Issues annual reports - 4NSDUHApprox. 70,000
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Asked about their use of tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, and mental health
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Mental health: substance use and mental health are often related - 5NSDUHIndividuals --> visited in their homes or in neutral locations e.g. community centre
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Survey: Enter responses into a computer, answers are coded and gathered with other data later
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Confidentiality guaranteed by federal law - 6NSDUHSurvey is intended to:
- Provide accurate data
- Track trends in drug and substance use
- Assess their consequences
- Identify groups at risk for use and abuse - 7NSDUHData is available on the Internet
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Used extensively by:
- Academic researchers
- Journalists
- Government agencies
- Organizations dedicated to the prevention of substance abuse - 8NSDUH2013 survey: 24.6M are current illicit drug users + 2.2M adolescents aged 12–17
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1 in 10 adolescents: a major depressive episode in the past year
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1 in 5 adults said they had a mental illness. - 9MTFSurvey of 8th grade and HS students in the US
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Conducted at the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan
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Sponsored by research grants from the National Institute of Drug Abuse - 10MTFFrom 1991 --> 50,000 students (8th, 10th, 12th) surveyed
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Follow-up survey conducted of a sample of each graduating class for some years after initial participation
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So that college students and young adults are represented in the data - 11MTFMission of MTF:
Predict future trends of drug abuse based on current youth drug use.
Current data:
1 in 20 college students --> Get high or near high daily on marijuana --> Marijuana remains the highest 2nd used substance by young people besides alcohol - 12ADAM IIContinuation of a National Institute of Justice program—ADAM
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Collected data from adult males and females --> arrested in 35 sites in US c. 2000 and 2003
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Terminated for lack of funding - 13ADAM II2007 --> ADAM II, sponsored by the federal Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
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Took up the data collection
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Focusing on 10 sites - 14ADAM IIUtilizes both urinalysis and self-report data
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to identify the level of recent drug use by the arrestees - 15ADAM IIThe individuals arrested provide information
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about the types of drugs they use
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as well as how they obtained them - 16ADAM IIUrinalysis --> validity check on openness of arrestees in providing information about drug abuse
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Urine specimens are analysed for the presence of 10 drugs - 17ADAM IIBoth ADAM and ADAM II
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offer invaluable insight into drug use of persons arrested
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in representative areas of the country. - 18VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSAdditional sources of data on offending
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in which victims provide information
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on the crimes committed against them - 19VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSNational Crime victimization survey (NCVS)
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A large national sample of households (approx. 42,000), 76,000+ persons over the age of 12
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Interviewed every 6 months for 3 years, Each session --> asked about crime experienced over the past 6 months - 20VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSThose living in dormitories, rooming houses, and religious group dwellings are included
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Those in institutions or in military barracks are not - 21VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSCrimes committed against children below age 12 not counted:
- Privacy reasons
- Designers of the survey believe that younger respondents are not as likely to provide accurate information. - 22VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSBecause young children may be victims of crime within their own households
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the topic would be too sensitive to broach - 23VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSNCVS --> largest national forum for victim surveys.
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Includes detailed information about methodology used to conduct the interviews and analyse the data
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Available on the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) website - 24VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSMeasures the extent to which households and individuals are victims of
- Rape and other sexual assault
- Robbery
- Aggravated assault
- Simple assault
- Household
burglary
motor vehicle theft
theft - 25VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSProvides many details about the victims (age, race, sex, marital status, education, income, and whether the victim and the offender were related to each other) and about the crimes themselves
- 26VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSRecent versions of the NCVS also ask
respondents whether they perceived they were victims of a hate crime - 27VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSNCVS interviewer wants to know the following about all victimization:
Exactly what happened
When and where the offense occurred
Whether any injury or loss was suffered
Whether the crime was reported to the police and, if not, why
The victim’s perception of the offender’s gender, race, and age - 28VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSvictimization incidents have decreased in recent years
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possible explanations: victimizations are indeed decreasing, which in itself could be attributed to numerous factors - 29VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSHowever, many crime victims continue to be reluctant to report victimizations to police
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to workers from the Census Bureau (which conducts the NCVS)
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or to private researchers. - 30VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSRelationship patterns:
Female victims --> most offenders are friends + acquaintances then intimate partners or former intimates
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Male victims --> Strangers are the most likely perpetrators, followed by friends or acquaintances. - 31VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSIntimate partner violence (IPV)
Black women are subject to intimate partner violence higher than other races
MAYBE CUZ
Women in many ethnic groups are reluctant to report such violence - 32VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSSpouses or partners of abusers who work - In law enforcement
- Professional sports
- In the public eye
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may resist bringing attention to this crime - 33VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSSome --> not truthful / may recall victimization that may have occurred outside of the time period being studied
Some are not represented in the data because --> homeless / live in institutional settings --> not be reached by the researchers - 34VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSStill considered considered a good source of information about crime incidents
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Independent of data collected by law enforcement agencies throughout the country - 35VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSOffending trends reported through NCVS data procedures
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Differ substantially from those found in police data - 36VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSIndependent researchers also survey victims of crime
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Often with grants from government agencies or private foundations - 37VICTIMIZATION SURVEYSE.g. the National Violence Against Women Survey, conducted by the Center for Policy Research
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Includes an examination of the
extent and nature of violence and stalking in American society - 38JUVENILE DELINQUENCYJuvenile crime overall has decreased since the 1990s
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Juveniles do commit a disproportionate amount of crime
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But it is not necessarily the most serious offenses - 39JUVENILE DELINQUENCYCrimes committed by juveniles may be treated very differently from those committed by adults
- 40JUVENILE DELINQUENCYNot all offenses committed by juveniles are technically crimes
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Juvenile status offenses—are forbidden only to juveniles because of their age - 41JUVENILE DELINQUENCYJuvenile Status Offences
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E.g. Running away from home
- Curfew violations
- Underage drinking
- Truancy
- In some states—“incorrigibility.” - 42JUVENILE DELINQUENCYMany criminologists:
Argue that juvenile-status offenses should not be criminalized
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In the same way that true crimes are for various reasons - 43JUVENILE DELINQUENCYE.g. Status offenses label children delinquents for behaviour that is
not harmful to others
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Often indicative of problems in the child’s environment (e.g., the runaway child may be running away from victimization) - 44JUVENILE DELINQUENCYOther criminologists:
Argue that it is important to keep track of status offenders in order to provide them with help that they may need
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Also, some status offenders commit “real crimes” like burglary and theft - 45JUVENILE DELINQUENCYData gathering on juvenile offending is even more imperfect than data gathering on adult crime
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Both what is reported and what is unreported to law enforcement
agencies—is essentially an unknown area - 46JUVENILE DELINQUENCYInformation from a variety of sources,
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including the UCR, self-report, court records, and data from juvenile corrections,
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provides us some insight into the nature and extent of juvenile offending - 47JUVENILE DELINQUENCYMuch of the crime (and status offenses) committed by juveniles may be regarded
as a “rite of passage” to adulthood - 48JUVENILE DELINQUENCYSelf-report data:
Indicates that offending among juveniles is more widespread than among adults
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but—as with adult offending—most people eventually stop - 49JUVENILE DELINQUENCYMost stop committing crime once they reach adulthood and have a stake in prosocial behaviour
- 50JUVENILE DELINQUENCYMay act out in high school or slightly beyond,
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but then they get full-time jobs, go to college, enter into significant relationships, get married, or join the military ("Age out of crime") - 51JUVENILE DELINQUENCYNeed to be particularly concerned with:
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Those who continue offending, particularly serious offending, well into their adult years
And those who commit a very serious crime during their juvenile years. - 52JUVENILE DELINQUENCYThe former group typically demonstrated problem behaviour very early in their lives
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Those who commit a one-time, very serious offense is rare
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Continued serious offending is more problematic
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- Description
- Criminal Behaviour - A Psychological Approach (11th Edition) - Curt R. Bartol, Anne M. Bartol
- Created by
- Suppi N · Oct 2021
- Updated
- Dec 6, 2021
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