Flashcards
Chemistry Final Exam
Cards in this deck (145)
- 1Isotopesvariant of an element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
- 2Where is the atomic number located on an element in periodic table?Above element symbol - smaller number
- 3What is atomic weight?The mass of an atom of a chemical element - located below element symbol (large number)
- 4What makes up atomic mass?# of protons + # of neutrons = atomic mass
- 5What makes up the atomic number?# of protons
- 6How do you find the # of neutrons in an element?atomic weight - atomic number = # of neutrons
- 7Who was the first person to create the periodic table?Dmitri Meendleev
- 8What are the main components of an atom?Proton, neutron, & electron
- 9What periodic table group are nobel gases in?Group 8
- 10Valance ElectronThe electron in the outer most orbit of an atom
- 11How many valence electrons are in elements of the groupIIIA?3 Electrons
- 12How many valence electrons are in group VA elements of periodicc table?5 Valence Electrons
- 13What is a period in the periodic table?Horizontal lines (total: 7)
Represent valence electrons - 14What are groups of the periodic table?Verticle lines (total: 18)
Represent elements similarin electron configurations & chemical properties - 15How many group "A" are in the periodic table?Eight
- 16How many group "B" are in periodic table?Ten
- 17Why is ozone concentration higher on a sunny day ranther than rainy & cloudy day?Sunlight splits NO2 to release O atoms, The O atoms then react with O2 to form Ozone
- 18CatalystA chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction & influences it rate, w/o undergoing perminent change
- 19CFCscompounds composed of elements Chlorine, Fluorine, & Carbon (do not contain H)
- 20CFCs and Ozone destrucionCFCs interact with ozone and provide energy needed for breakdown of Ozone
- 21How is Ozone formed in stratosphereFormed naturally through interaction with solar UV radiation w/ molecular O2
- 22Reasoning behind smaller Ozone hole at South Pole in 1988 than any previous yearWas a much shorter ozone depeting period in 1988 than previous years and replenishment of Ozone from other parts of atmosphere led to smaller hole
- 23What sunscreen is most effective protecting you against UV radiations from the sun?Broad-band suncreen of SPF 50
- 24What are Phytoplankton?-small organisms living in vast oceans
-make food through photosynthesis
-affected by decrease in O3 level & thus can lead to disturbance in food chain sequence - 25During Anartic Spring, O3 is destroyed at greater rating than formed because?-on surface of atmospheric ice crystals
-in process thats catalytic
-in polar stratospheric clounds - 26What's the most environment friendly molecule used for dry-cleaning clothes?Liquid CO2
- 27How does the O3 hole impact global warming?O3 depetion may decrease phytoplaktin population which may result in increased global warming
- 28UV-C-Highest energy of 3 forms of UV light
-Harmful, but completely absorbed by O2 and O3 in stratosphere - 29UV-A-Lowest energy of 3 types of UV light
-Reaches Earth's surface in greatest quantity - most harmful to skin - 30UV-B-Medium energy of 3 types of UV light
-Most of UVB absorbed by O3 in stratosphere
-damages outermost layer of skin - 31Why does O3 depetion only occur at the south pole & not north pole?O3 depetion occurs at south pole because of the special atmospheric & chemical conditions that exist there & nowhere else on the globe
- 32What makes leaves green?Chlorophyll - made in abundance in summer when excessive sunlight
- 33Why is there a decrease of green leaves in fall?With decrease in sunlight, chlorophyll decomposes faster than it is formed in the leaves
- 34Why do leaves turn orange and yellow in fall?yellow & orange leaves due to carotenoids & flavonoids (similar molecules in carrots)
- 35What are dark leaves assosiated with?Anthocyanins & carotenoids
- 36What wavelength can DNA be damaged by light?Ultraviolet region, especially below wavelength of 320nm
- 37Why does O2 break apart at lower wavelengths than O3?The average bond in O2 is shorter and stronger than O3 bond
- 38What were the goals of the Montreal Protocol in 1987?-reduce amount of CFCs in developed countries
-recycle existing CFCs rather than release them into the air
-encourage research into substitutes for CFCs - 39What skin cancer is the most prevalent?Basal cell Carcinoma
- 40What skin cancer is the most dangerous form of skin cancer?Melanoma
- 41What is a HFC?hydrofluorocarbon
ex: CH2Cl--CCl2F - 42What is the chemical formula for CFC-12?CHCl2F
-molecule containing only 2 Carbon atoms - 43Who proved that CFCs are main culprits of O3 distruction?F. Sherwood Rowland & Mario Molina
- 44CFCs rise to stratosphere and.......After interacting with UV energy, become free radicals that destroy ozone
- 45CFC ____ represents a molecule with a chemical formula of CHClF2?CFC-22
- 46What are VOCs?Volatile Organic Compounds
-carbon containing compounds that pass easily into vapor phase - 47Examples of VOCs-Acetone
-Methanol
-Benzene
-Ozone - 48PPMParts per million
-1 ppm is a unit of consentration that is 1/10,000 the size of 1% - 49PPBParts per billion
- 500.0410% ppm0.0410 parts per hundred
0.410 parts per thousand
4.10 parts per thousand
41.0 parts per hundred thousand
410 parts per million - 51Which is more hazardous to health? PM 2.5 or PM 10?PM 2.5 is more hazardous because smaller more deadlier particles
- 52What is PM?Particulate Matter = complex mixture of tiny solid particles & microscopic liquid droplets
-classified by size - 53PM 10includes particles with average diameter of 10um (1.0 x 104 nm)
~1/8 of width of human hair - 54PM 2.5particles with diameter of 2.5um or less
-tinier more deadly particles, can go into lungs when inhaled and cause health problems (PM10 too) - 55Range for good air quality? (AQI)0-50
- 56AQI rating for moderate air quality?51-100
- 57AQI rating for air quality that is unhealthy for sensitive groups?101-150
- 58AQI rating for unhealthy air quality?151-200
- 59AQI for very unhealthy air quality?201-300
- 60AQI rating for hazardous air quality?301-500
- 61What element is most effective & possibly the only medicine for treatment of bipolar disorder?Lithium (Li)
- 62Radon-health hazard for people
-not very reactive gas
-colorless & odorless
-one of leading causes of lung cancer - 63Lithium-Most is extracted (mined) economically from south america
-Mined in form of lithium carbonate & related salts
-Potassium also extracted with Li
-due to its high demand, considered "white gold" - 64How does acid rain affect you?Hazardous
Particularlly hazardous to pregnant women, infants, young kids, ill & elderly b/c can attack sensitive tissues & lungs and can increase cardiovascular diseases and pneumonia - 65What is the chmical name of P2O5?Diphosphorous pentaoxygen
- 66The amount ofO2 in the exhaled air is...Less than in inhaled air
- 67What pair of gases makes up the primary 2 components of an inhaled breath?N2 & Ar
- 68What's a compoundtwo or more elements chemically combined
- 69What is a mixture?material made up of 2 or more different chemical substances which are not chemically combined
- 70Hazardous pollutants to human health?Lead
Arsenic
Murcery - 71Where is ozone presence beneficial?Stratosphere
- 72Where is ozone harmful in atmosphere?Troposphere
- 73If the concentration of argon in air is 9000 ppm, express this in pph0.9 pph
- 74What did John Cade do?the first person to test lythium for bipolar disorder
- 75examples of organic elementsCarobn, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
- 76Catalytic ConverterIn cars - reduces amount of CO ny catalysing cumbustion of CO to CO2 & also lowers NOx emissions
- 77Combustiontype of chemical reaction where reactants are transformed into products
- 78UV radiationshortest wavelength & highest energy
- 79Infared Readiationlargest wavelength & lowest energy
- 80relationship between wavelengths & energylonger the wavelength = lower energy & shorter wavelengths = higher energy
- 81What UVx needed to break O2 bond?UVC
- 82What UVx needed to break O3 bond?UVB
- 83What does 1 mole =(molecular weight of element) x 10^23
1 mole of Carbon = 6.02 x 10^23 - 84definition of a molean Avogadro’s number of objects
- 85waters boiling point?212 degrees F
- 86electronegativitya measure of attraction of an atom for an electron in a chemical bond
--> the greater the electroneg. the more an atom attracts the electrons in a chemical bond toward itself - 87polar covalent bondcovalent bond which the electrons are not equally shared but rather closer to the more electronegativity
- 88covalent bonda bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms
- 89nonpolar covalent bonda covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally between atom
- 90hydrogen bondingresult of large electronegativity differences between H & O in water molecules
--> helps creating, sustaining & maintaining life on earth - 91why is water liquid?because of hydrogen bonds
- 92double stranded DNA contains what?multiple hydrogen bonds
- 93sources of water-aquifer
-ground water
-surface water - 94where is most fresh water found?ice caps
- 95solvantsubstance (often liquid) thats capable of dissolving one or more pure substances
- 96solutethe solid, liquid, or gas that dissolves in solvant
- 97solutionresult of solvent & solute, homohenous mixture
- 98micellesalt
removes dirt & oil from clothes/dirty things in washer by trapping dirt/oil inside itself & drains out leaving clean - 99acida substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
- 100basea compound that releases hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
- 101NaOH (Lye)can cause severe damage to eyes & skin
- 102Ammonia compund:NH3 + H2O --> NH+4
- 103neutralization reactiona chemical reaction in which the hydrogen ions from an acid combine with the hydroxide ions from a base to form water molecules
- 104acids on ph scale1 ph
- 105base on ph scale14 ph
- 106blood on ph scale7.4 ph
- 107hard watertoo many minerals
-Ca2+ & Mg2+ - 108amphiphilic moleculessoap molecule
- 109net effectreduce concentration of carbonate ion in seawater
- 110healthy lakes have ph balance of..?6.5 or slightly abover
- 111flocculating agentsaluminum sulfate & calcium hydroxide react w/ water to form sticky gel (floc)
- 112desalinationremoval of salt from seawater to make drinking water
- 113destillationa seperation process in which liquid solution is heated & vapors are condensed and collected
- 114osmosisthe passage of water through semipermiable membrane from a solution that is less concentrated to a solution that is more concentrated
- 115reverse osmosisuses pressure to force the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is more concentrated to a solution that is less concentrated
- 116most dangerous molecules:1. potassium nitrate
2. ammonium nitrate
both fertilizers - 117left side elements of periodic table are positive because?elements okay w/ losing an electron to gain more
- 118right side electrons of periodic table are negative because?elements want to use less energy to gain 1 electron rather than using a lot of energy to lose 7 electrons
- 119gigatonne (gt)measurement of quanity of CO2
-a billion metric tons or ~2.2 trillion tons) - 120kinetic energyenergy of motion
- 121potential energystored energy/energy of position
- 122heatkinertic energy that flows from hotter object to colder one
- 123temperaturemeasure of averagy kinertic energy of the atoms and/or molecules present in a substance
-->substance is cold when atoms & molecules move slowly compared to "warm" objects - 124joulemeasurement of energy
100 = 10^2
2=zeros - 125fracking-used to extract gas from underground resoviors
-H2O largest component of fracking fluids
-radioactivity a concern & hydrolic fracturing - 126process of distillation tower for crued oil1. oil goes in & heated
2. oil goes into distillation tower
-higher temp at bottom
-lower temp fumes at top
3. refinery --> seperates crued oil into different products - 127thermal crackingprocess that breaks large hydrogen molecules into smaller ones
- 128catalytic crackingprocess where catalysts are used to crack larger hydrogen molecules
- 129fisher-tropsch processproducing synthetic gasoline from coal
- 130biofuelsrenewable fuel derived from a biological source
(trees, grass, animal waste & crops)
--> releases less CO2 than fossil fuels - 131fentenylvery deadly drug/chemical
- 132Heroine, Morphine & Narcansame molecule structure back bone
narcan --> saves life from overdose - 133procainelocal anestesia used in dentistry
- 134polyethlene-ultra high molecular weight
-high & low density - 135polymerechain of monomers
- 136ethlenesmallest member of hydrocarbons with double C bond
- 137LDPEloose strands
low density - 138HDPEhigh density
molecules close & traction - 139LDPE characteristics/ examples-translucent, sometimes pigmented
-soft & flexible
-bags, sheets, films, bubble wrap - 140HDPE characteristics/ examples-similar to LDPE more ridgid
-opaque milk jugs
-juice, detergent & shampoo bottles
-buckets, crates & fencing - 141polyvinyl chloride (PVC) characteristics-Rigid if not softened with a plasticizer
-Clear and shiny, but often pigmented
-Resistant to most chemicals, including oils, acids, and bases - 142polyvinyl chloride (PVC) examplesRigid: Plumbing pipe, house siding, charge cards, hotel room keys
Softened: Garden hoses, waterproof boots, shower curtains, IV tubing - 143polystyrene characteristics“Crystal” form transparent, sparkling, somewhat brittle
“Expandable” form lightweight foam. Both forms rigid and degraded in many organic solvents - 144polystyrene examples"Crystal” form: Food wrap, CD cases, refrigerator shelves, transparent cups
“Expandable” form: Foam cups, insulated containers, food packaging trays, egg cartons, packaging peanuts - 145polypropylene charac
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- Flashcards on Chemistry Final Exam, created by Nina Mayer on 30/11/2021.
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