GoConqr has a new look! Let us know what you think.

Sign up free

Flashcards

geography

Kirsty Hutchings Haggerty English 52 cards

Cards in this deck (52)

  1. 1. What is the drainage basin?An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
  2. 2What is the source of the river?Where the river starts
  3. 3What is the mouth of the river?Where the river meets the sea
  4. 4What is a tributary?A smaller river or stream that joins the main river.
  5. 5What is the watershed?The boundary of a river basin. Usually high land.
  6. 6What is a confluence?The point where two rivers meet.
  7. 7What is the discharge of the river?The amount of water at a given point and time.
  8. 8What is the velocity of the river?The speed of the river
  9. 9. What is the gradient?The steepness of the land
  10. 10What happens to the channel width and depth downstream?Both increase
  11. 11What happens to velocity downstream?It increases
  12. 12What happens to discharge downstream?It increases
  13. 13What happens to gradient downstreamIt decreases
  14. 14How many metres above sea level in the source of the River Dee?46m
  15. 15What is the average annual rainfall at the source of the River Dee?30mm
    Over 3000mm
  16. 16What is the geology like near the source of the River Dee?Mainly Chalk
  17. 17In the middle course, how does the river now erode?Vertically
  18. 18What is the average annual rainfall in the lower course on the River Dee?Less than 7mm
  19. 1919. What type of rocks does the River Dee flow through in the lower course?Mainly hard igneous rock.
  20. 20. How long is the River Dee?110km
  21. 21Where is the mouth of the River Dee?Where the river meets the Irish Sea between Wales and the Wirral Peninsula
  22. 22. Which of the following is an example of the impact the UK’s weather and climate has one river processes (e.g. erosion rates)?Rivers in wetter climates will erode more material than those in dryer climate
  23. 23Which of the following is an example of the impact of the UK’s weather and climate on river landforms and landscapes?In winter the differences between day and night temperatures can cause freeze-thaw mechanical weathering on riverbanks
  24. 24Which 2 landforms are found in the upper course of a riverInterlocking spurs and waterfalls
  25. 25Which 4 landforms are found in the middle and lower course of a river?Meanders, river cliffs, point bars and oxbow lakes
  26. 26. Which 2 landforms are found in the lower course of a river?Floodplains and levees
  27. 27Explain the formation of v-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs with reference to geology and erosion processesThe discharge is very small in the upper course so the river has very little energy to erode, and the rocks tend to be more resistant to erosion (igneous and metamorphic). The river does erode vertically due to the pull of gravity as it is an upland area. This creates v-shaped valleys. There is very little lateral erosion due to the low level of energy, so the river flows around the spurs rather than eroding them, resulting in the formation of interlocking spurs.
  28. 28Explain the formation of waterfalls with reference to geology and erosion processesWaterfalls form when hard rock is above soft rock. The soft rock is eroded more quickly than the hard rock by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion. This leaves an overhang of hard rock which eventually collapses due to the pull of gravity, which results in the formation of the plunge pool. Over time, the soft rock is further eroded, so a new overhang forms and the process repeats. The waterfall retreats resulting in the formation of a steep sided gorge.
  29. 29Explain the formation of meanders with reference to depositional and erosion processesMeanders occur in the middle and lower course of the river. Discharge has increased and so the river has more energy to erode laterally, resulting in the river meandering. The fastest flow is on the outside of the bend, where it is deepest and so where the effect of friction is less. The faster flow has more energy to erode by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion. Eventually the eroded bank collapses, leaving a steep river cliff. The slower flow is on the inside bend where the water is shallower and so where friction with the river bed is greatest. The slower flow has less energy and so the river deposits its load, resulting in the formation of a point-bar.
  30. 30Explain the formation of oxbow lakes with reference to deposition and erosion processesErosion processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion cause the neck of the meander to become narrower. During times of flood the river’s velocity increases and so it has more energy to erode. This can result in the river breaking through the neck of the meander. The river now flows straight and so the fastest flow which greater energy to erode is in the centre of the channel, and the slower flow is at the sides. Deposition takes place as the sides due to the slower flow having less energy to transport load. This deposition eventually cuts off the meander, creating an oxbow lake
  31. 31Explain the formation of floodplains with reference to deposition and erosion processesFloodplains can be created by both migrating meanders and floods. Migrating meanders erode the valley sides laterally by processes such as hydraulic action and abrasion, resulting in the flattening of the valley sides and so the creation of a floodplain. When a river floods it deposits its load across the valley, which flattens the land, again creating a floodplain. The heaviest material is deposited first as the river doesn’t have the energy to transport it, and the lighter material is deposited further across the floodplain. This is called sequential deposition.
  32. 32. Explain the formation of levees with reference to depositionWhen a river floods it deposits its load across the valley. The heaviest material is deposited first as the river doesn’t have the energy to transport it (sequential deposition). This material builds up resulting in the creation of raised river banks called levees. As the river floods more over time, the levees become larger.
  33. 33How is the River Dee an important economic resource for the area?94% of the River Dee’s catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper valley, and dairy farming, and arable farming in the lower valley.
  34. 34Give an example of how urbanisation has affected rivers, such as the River DeeIt has caused more flooding
  35. 35.Give an example of how Agriculture has affected rivers, such as the River DeeFarmers are using more chemical fertilisers , which have an impact on the ecology of the river, causing algae bloom and water channels to become clogged with vegetation.
  36. 36Give an example of how industry has affected rivers, such as the River DeeIn the summer the River Dee’s natural flow does not provide enough water to meet the demand for industry and people. Growing demand in the 1960s led to a number of reservoirs being built to store water during the winter months.
  37. 37What is the difference between physical and human causes of floodingPhysical causes are natural, whereas human are man-made
  38. 38Explain how heavy rainfall increases the risk of flooding.If there has been rain for a number of days then the ground becomes saturated. The water then flows straight into the rivers causing them to flood
  39. 39Explain how impermeable rock increases the risk of floodingRainwater cannot soak through rock like granite so it will flow straight to the river as surface run-off.
  40. 40Explain how an increase in temperature after snowfall increases the risk of floodingThis will cause the snow to melt, resulting in a rapid increase in the amount of water entering the river, increasing the flood risk
  41. 41Explain how a long period of dry, hot weather increases the risk of flooding.This will cause the soil to become very hard so water cannot soak through it. As a result rainwater will run straight to the river, increasing the amount of water at one time, and so increasing the flood risk
  42. 42Explain how river beds that have become silted up increase the risk of floodingThis makes the channel smaller and so there’s less room for water, which increases the chances of a flood.
  43. 43. Explain how steep valley sides increase the risk of floodingRainwater quickly runs down the steep slopes, resulting in more water entering the river at one time, so increasing the chance of a flood.
  44. 44Explain how deforestation increases the risk of floodingThere is less interception of rainwater by the leaves, and less water is soaked up by roots. Therefore, water reaches the river more quickly increasing the chance of it flooding
  45. 45Explain how building on the flood plain (urbanisation) increases the risk of floodingWater is unable to soak through tarmac and so it runs straight to the river as surface run-off
  46. 46Explain how farmers ploughing up and down slopes instead of around the hillside can increase the flood riskThe channels created by the plough allow rainwater to travel faster to the river, so the river receives more water at one time, increasing the risk of flooding
  47. 47Explain how a bursting dam can increase the risk of floodingExcess water will enter the river channel, causing the flooding of a large area
  48. 4816. Give the three main reasons for why there is an increasing flood risk in the UKClimate change, increasing population and changing land use.
  49. 49How is the River Dee an important economic resource for the area?94% of the River Dee’s catchment is rural, including forestry, sheep farming and pasture in the upper valley, and dairy farming, and arable farming in the lower valley.
  50. 50.Give an example of how urbanisation has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.It has caused more flooding.
  51. 51Give an example of how Agriculture has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.Farmers are using more chemical fertilisers , which have an impact on the ecology of the river, causing algae bloom and water channels to become clogged with vegetation.
  52. 52Give an example of how industry has affected rivers, such as the River Dee.

Information

Description
Flashcards on geography, created by Kirsty Hutchings Haggerty on 09/05/2022.
Views
0
Rating

Feedback

What is it about?

What do you think of the new look?

How do you like it?