Flashcards
Skill acquisition AS level P.E
Cards in this deck (121)
- 1What is ability?Is an enduring characteristic which underlines a persons potential to acquire skills
- 2Given an example of an abilityAbility is something that you are born with, they are INNATE e.g. fast reaction times
- 3What is skill?the learned ability to bring about pre determined results with maximum certainty
- 4Characteristics of skilllearned
pre determined results
repeated success
efficient
fluent
technically good
aesthetically pleasing - 5What saying is key to remember?Skill is learned ability is innate
- 6What are the 4 types of skill?cognitive
perceptual
motor
psycho motor - 7What is cognitive skill?involves thinking rather than actions does not involve any physical movement
- 8Perceptual skill?involves decision making
- 9Motor Skill?is the actual movement itself
- 10Psycho motor skill?requires both perceptual and motor skills
- 11Name 2 abilities?Gross motor abilities
perceptual motor abilities - 12Give an example of eachGMA-Static strength, stamina
PMA- reaction time, aiming and speed of movement - 13What is classification?the process of grouping similar skills together
- 14—1-gross large muscle area being used
2-closed just the individual
3-externally pace reacting to someone else
4- continuous repeated movement multiple times , discrete shot put throw - 15What is information processing?The process by which our brains gather information from the environment and from our memory to decide the action needed to be taken
- 16How can this be shown in a model?1)input
2)decision making
3)output
4)feedback - 171) what is the process of perception?Detection-registering of the stimulus by the sense organs
Comparison-comparing it to previous experience
Recognition- finding the action to take
Known as DCR - 18Different sense organs?vision(eyes), audition(ears), touch and proprioception (balance) and kinaesthesis which is body awareness
- 19What is the single channel hypothesis?States we can only focus on one piece of information at a time
- 20What is limited processing capacity?Unless we focus on the important cues the speed of our decision making will be affected
- 21Outline the function of selective attention?the process by which we learn to block out/ ignore irrelevant information and focus on important information
- 22How to improve selective attention?Intensify the stimuli
motivate the performer
direct their attention
ignore irrelevant stimuli
relevant practice
mental rehearsal - 23—selective attention
decision making
out put- the physical movement
- 24What is reaction time?from the presentation of the stimulus to the onset of movements
- 25What is movement time?this is the start of movement to the end of movement
- 26Response time?Reaction time+movement time
- 27Simple reaction time is?the time taken to start a single response to a single stimulus
- 28Choice reaction time?the time taken for an individual to choose the correct response to multiple stimuli each demanding a different response
- 29What are the 5 influences on reaction time?Experience
Ability
Anticipation
Gender
Age - 30What is anticipation?Predicting what your opponent is going to do or be
- 31What is spartial anticipation?what will happen
- 32What is temporal anticipation?When will it happen
- 33—The graph shows as the number of choices increases so does the reaction time
- 34What does Hicks law state?That each individual stimulus has to be processed 1 at a time and the second stimulus must wait until the first is processed
- 35—Psychological refractory period
- 36Explain the above picture?It explains the delay that occurs because we can only process one stimulus at a time, e.g leading for a performer to freeze. Due to the brain trying to sort conflicting information
- 37The 3 levels of memory?short term sensory store(stss)
short term memory(stm)
long term memort store(ltm) - 38STSS?Deals with the objects when youre looking at them
- 39Explain some functions and characteristics of STSSstorage last for half a second
all information coming in from the environment can be stored here;. - 40STM?What you are able to remember after the objects have left the room
- 41Functions and characteristics of STM?Receives important information from the STSS
Capacity of the STM is limited is about 5-9 items
Has a 30 second memory if attention is directed else where
Known as the working memory
The DCR process occurs here - 42LTM?recalling something again e.g. from last week, month or year
- 43Functions and characteristics of LTM?All information that enters the STM that is rehearsed is stored in the LTM
Used to compare against new experiences
Has a two way relationship being used used/pulled from the LTM to STM when being used - 44How to improve our memory?Meaningful
Unique
Simplicity
Imagery/mental rehearsal
Chunking
Organisation
Repetition
Association - 45How can this be remembered?MUSIC ORA
- 46What are motor programmes?Are a set of neural commands that control the execution of each particular skill.
- 47What are they made up of?Made up of sub routines
- 48What do motor programmes do?they dont start movements but rather control the action after the movement has been initiated- like an mp3 file.
- 49What two memory stores are used?The LTM selects the motor programme but is ran by the STM or working memory
- 50What is the motor programme specifically concerned with?Finding the muscles that are going to be contracting
The order of contraction, the sequence of muscles which contract first and last
Phasing, the set of contractions within a sequence - 51Once learnt......our motor programmes are stored in our LTM, once learnt well a skill can be recalled much quicker and therefore reducing our reaction time
- 523 functions of feedback?To change incorrect responses
To reinforce correct response
To motivate the performer - 53What are the types of feedback?Intrinsic-sourced from within
Extrinsic-outside source e.g coach
Positive- when the performer gets it right
Negative-Areas for improvement
Immediate-given straight away
Delayed-given after a period of time
Concurrent- during performance
Terminal- at the end of performance
Knowledge of result- concerns the end result
Knowledge of performance- concerns the movement pattern - 54How feedback changes?Novice performer rely on extrinsic, immediate, terminal, KR feedback, positive
Elite performers can work with intrinsic, concurrent, delay, KOP feedback - 55What is learning?a relative permanent change in behavior
- 56First stage of learning?cognitive stage, known as the understanding stage, success rate of 2 out of 10 requires high level of attention
- 57where does the feedback come from on this stage?extrinsic-coach reliant
existing skills are required to develop motor programmes - 58Second stage?Associative stage, motor programme starts forming, performance is more consistent
basic elements performed with fluency - 59Feedback?errors are repetitive
5-7 out of 10 success rate - 60Final stage of learning?Autonomous stage, consistent,fluid and aesthetically pleasing, little conscious effort
motor programmes well learnt and stored in LTM - 61Feedback?is intrinsic
9 out of 10 success rate
attention is used for tactics - 62—Learning curve
- 63Explain the learning plateau?improvement is no longer taking place
maximum performance is reached - 64Factors that cause this plateau?Fatigue
Motivation/boredom
Poor coaching
Skill level
Physical limitations - 65How to overcome plateau?Fatigue-rest and recovery
Motivation/boredom-set rewards or goals/ add variety
Poor coaching- get a new coach
Skill level- isolate and correct weak areas, mental rehearsal - 66What is motivation?is having the drive to achieve a goal, this can be either intrinsic or extrinsic
- 67What 3 components make up motivation?Direction: desire to pursue an activity over others
Persistence: continuing till a particular aim is fulfilled
intensity: how much energy we devote yo an activity - 68What is intrinsic motivation?comes from within:gain a sense of achievement
with the belief that you're better than others - 69Extrinsic?drive from outside
- 70What two form does this come in?tangible:money, trophies, medals
non tangible: praise, records, personal best , fans, goal setting and role models - 71Limitations of being extrinsically motivated?discouraged when performance does not meet expectations
can be heavily reliant on rewards
decline in intrinsic motivation - 72Limitations of intrinsic motivation?can lead to a lead to a lack of competitive edge
greater interest in skill mastery - 73What is learning transfer?The influence of the learning of one skill and performance of another
- 74What are the types of learning?positive
negative
zero
Bilateral
proactive
retroactive - 75Definition of positive?earlier learning has a beneficial effect on new learning
- 76Negative?Earlier learning has a detrimental effect on new learning
- 77Zero?earlier learning has no effect on new learning
- 78Bilateral?a skill using one limb has positive effects on performance of the same skill using the other limb
- 79Proactive?learning of a new skill has benefits for the future learning of a new skill
- 80Retroactive?learning of a new skill has benefits for a skill that was learned previously
- 81What is operant conditioning?Trial and error learning with the use of reinforcement to strength or weaken the stimulus response bond or S-R bond
- 82What is positive reinforcement?this is the use of praise which will help to increase the likelihood of repeated performance
- 83What is negative reinforcement?Negative reinforcement occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.
- 84In schema theory, what is the recall stage?This occurs before a movement is initiated and includes the following information which the performer must know to form a schema
- 85inital condition exampleWhere is the: Goal; Opposition; Team mates
What is the environment like?: Grass; Astro turf; Wet or dry; Wind
What condition am I in?: Fresh; Tired; Injured - 86Response specification?How fast do I need to go?
Where do I pass the ball to?
How hard do I need to kick the ball?
Which techniques will produce the best results? - 87Recognition schema?In order to correct or alter a response
- 88Movement outcome examples?From knowledge of results (KR): Success / Failure
- 89Sensory consequence?From knowledge of performance (KP): How did it look (extrinsic feedback) / how did it feel (intrinsic feedback)
- 90What are the 4 main models of observational learning?Attention
Retention
Motor production
Motivation - 91The attention stage?The learner is watching a performer or demonstration that needs to be attractive, successful and accurate
As the performance has to be worth watching - 92Retention?information is stored, helps build a mental image of a skill
- 93Motor production?performer has the skill to complete a task successfully, able to practice the skill immediately. Performers skill and ability level are contributing factors
- 94Motivation?The desire for success, able to gain a sense of pride and self satisfaction
- 95Factors a coach should consider?perfect/ accurate demonstration
Frequent practice
Minimal delay between demonstration and practice
highlight cues
Emphasis on kinaesthesis
imagery/ mental rehearsal
Transfer from previously learned skill
fun and enjoyment
demonstration by role model or someone of a similar ability
use of positive feedback
Reinforcement to motivate
Rewards
With complex skill use different angles
Video or repeat demonstration - 96Why is goal setting a good way to keep motivated?As it is a way of aiming towards long term targets by setting sort term goals for achievement on the way
- 97By setting goals you can?Determine exactly what is to be achieved
Gain direction
Gain confidence
Feel in control
Be less anxious
Increase pride and satisfaction in your performance
Check progress against targets
increase motivation to achieve
Be prepared mentally for performing
Focus your attention
Evaluate your performance
improve quality of training
improve performance
working harder - 98What are performance goals?Goals which focus on the work that it takes to achieve a particular result
- 99Outcome goals?Focus on the result of the work and not the actual work
- 100What does S.M.A.R.T.E.R mean?Specific- to the player
Measurable- objective
Agreed/accepted- between player and coach
Realistic- maintain interest
Time bound- both short and long term
Exciting- to motivate
Recorded- available for review - 101The 4 teaching styles?Command- all decisions made for learner
Reciprocal- For associative learners, learn from each other to help improve a skill
Problem solving- teacher sets a task for the learners to find themselves through ingenuity
Discovery-Teacher sets an objective for the learner to find but the teacher is the facilitator - 102Factors to consider when deciding a teaching style?learner
Task
Teacher/ coach
Situation - 103When would you use the reciprocal style?When the learning situation is poor
Mature and motivated learners
Associative learners
The activity has clear progression
Teacher is confident - 104Discovery?Teacher is confident/ knowledgeable
range of possible outcomes
more mature learners
can work in large groups
Good equipment and weather
Teacher is the facilitator - 105Problem solving?If the teacher is confident
range of possible outcomes
more mature learners can stick with it till a solution is found
good equipment and weather
has more than one outcome - 106Command style?The teacher has limited experience
highly complex or risky activities
inexperienced or young performer
The learning situation is poor and the environment is difficult - 107What are the two main ways in which a coach can structure practice?Distributed and Mass practice
- 108What is massed practice?The performer practices continuously and gets very few breaks during the session
- 109Distributed practice?The performer is allowed rest intervals during the practice of a skill
- 110What might the rest period be used for?Give feedback to the performer
Encourage to maintain motivation
Allow physical recovery and avoid fatigue
Allow performer to mentally rehearse - 111Factors for massed practice?Useful for autonomous performer
Used when skill is simple
Used for discrete of fine skills
For fitter performers
Used with highly motivated performers
useful when time is limited - 112Factors for distributed?Better for cognitive learners
For performers who are less fit
For performers who lack motivation
Used with continuous or gross motor skill
Better with complex skills requiring a high level of concentration
Breaks for mental rehearsal
Used when the skill is fatiguing
Used when task has an element of danger - 113What is whole practice?The skill is practiced as a whole and is not broken down into sub routines
- 114Progressive part practice?A method of learning a skill involves breaking down the skill into a series of parts and then linking them back together
- 115Give an example?A>> A+B >>A+B+C >> A+B+C+D>> A+B+C+D+E
- 116What is this known as?The linking of these parts is called chaining and is best with serial skills
- 117Part method?The skill is broken down into constituent parts. This is done with skills that are complex but low in organisation
- 118Whole part whole method?Is an extension of part method and tends to be used rather than the purely part method
- 119Initially the performer...?Tries the whole skill. Giving the performer a feel for the skill and develops their understanding
- 120Advantages of whole practice?Performer gains kinesthesis
Performer develops own schema for the skill
Used for skills that are high in organisation hard to breakdown or have to be performed quickly
Easier to transfer the skill from practice to the competitive situation
Prevents boredom of the performer loses sight of the whole skill - 121Part method advantages?Allows complex serial skills to be learnt more easily
Can work on specific, identified weaknesses
Allows performer to build experience and confidence in complex skills
Useful when elements of danger
Allows for staged success which improve motivation
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- P.E AS Flashcards on Skill acquisition AS level P.E , created by Josh Toplis on 12/10/2015.
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